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VCystinuria is an inherited metabolic disorder progressing with recurrent kidney stones due to impaired reabsorption of dibasic amino acids and arises from mutations in the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 on chromosome 2. Here, we present the case of a 1-year 10-month-old male child with recurrent episodes of urinary tract infections. On evaluation, duplex kidneys and a large bladder calculus were found which was surgically managed. Stone analysis and the genetic study were suggestive of cystinuria.
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Introduction: In squamous cell carcinoma, cells invade the stroma in the form of islands, strands or sheets, which are surrounded by an extracellular matrix, thus producing reactive changes in the stroma. These reactive changes in the stroma may alter the biological behavior of oral cancer which convey some diagnostic and prognostic significance. Objective: This study was to compare staining intensity of various components of connective tissue such as collagen, elastin and glycoprotein among three histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa. Materials and Methods: A total sample of 48 in which 36 cases of histologically diagnosed oral squamous cell carcinoma, 12 each of well, moderate and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas and 12 sections of normal mucosa as the control group were selected for the present study. The sections of tissue blocks were stained with connective tissue specific stains such as Verhoeff’s -VanGieson stain and PAS for collagen, elastin and glycoprotein respectively. Results: Staining intensity of collagen, elastin and glycoprotein around tumor island among different grades of OSCC and normal mucosa revealed statistically significant changes (P value <0.001). Collagen and glycoprotein degradation and elastosis are more prominent in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Conclusion: Observable changes were seen in the stroma, in all the three grades of OSCC’s compared to normal mucosa. There was an increased stromal response in poorly differentiated carcinomas, when compared to the other grades. Role of the stroma is like a double-edged sword, at times helping in tumor invasion and otherwise warding off the tumor cells.
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Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of low pressure carbon dioxide as a hurdle in raw milk storage. Study Design: Milk samples were stored at under low pressure carbon dioxide at 29°C for 6 hours and the microbial quality of milk was compared with control milk. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dairy Microbiology, Verghese Kurien Institute of Dairy and Food Technology (VKIDFT), Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy between January 2020 and December 2020. Methodology: Milk samples were collected from an organized farm. The initial microbial quality of milk was determined and samples were carbonated to a pressure of 20 psi and stored for six hours 29°C, uncarbonated milk sample kept at 29°C acted as the control. The microbial quality of the carbonated milk and uncarbonated milk was determined after storage in terms of total viable count, coliform count and gram negative organism count. Results: Significant growth suppression (P=0.05) of bacteria was observed in the carbonated milk. Total Viable count showed a suppression of 1.05 log cfu/ml while coliforms showed a suppression of 1.3 log cfu/ml. The greatest log reduction was observed in gram negative organisms with a difference of 2.2 log cfu/ml and psychrotrophic organisms with 1.54 log cfu/ml. Conclusion: Carbon dioxide was found to be an effective bacteriostatic agent which could be used for extending the keeping quality of raw milk. The bacteriostatic action could be due to anaerobic conditions developed by carbon dioxide and also due to the increased acidity of the medium.
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Abstract Introduction Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) present with a multitude of symptoms that can range from headaches to shoulder pain. Patients frequently present with pain in the ear, dizziness, and vertigo. It is noted that some patients who report TMDs also have a history of sleep disturbances, which is noted in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a reduction in the oropharyngeal airway volume. Objective To evaluate the airway volume in pre- and posttreatment of TMD with the use of neuromuscular orthotics made with ultra-low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS). Methods A total of 15 patients were evaluated for TMDs using the related criteria. Those included were treated with ULF-TENS with evaluation of the airway volume both pre- and posttreatment using CBCT and the Dolphin 3D volume analysis software. Results While the symptoms were shown to be significantly reduced in patients who were treated with this particular modality, the airway volume varied in those who reported a reduction after a period of 3 months and those that reported after a period of 6 months. Conclusion Posttreatment evaluation of the airway should be done after a period of 6 months for a more objective evaluation. A multidisciplinary evaluation of the patient is required in such cases.
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Background: Coronary artery diseases (CADs) contribute to the majority of deaths and disabilities worldwide. People who have suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are at a higher risk of having a further attack. Hence, prolonged secondary prevention is necessary following index myocardial infarction (MI) for long-term cardiovascular protection as it reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with reinfarction, improves the quality of life, and is cost-effective. Methods: An observational, ambidirectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital for 6 months. A total of 200 patients above 18 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) were included in the study. Prospective data were collected using a self-designed patient profile form and by interviewing patients in the cardiac outpatient department while retrospective data were collected from the medical records department of the hospital. Results and conclusion: Sex-wise distribution showed that males and females constituted 79 and 21% of the study participants, respectively, while the age-wise distribution revealed that the majority of patients were in the age-group of 60 years and above (63.5%). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most common comorbid conditions, while dyslipidemia was the least observed comorbidity. Prescription adherence to secondary prevention guideline recommendations was studied, which revealed that 26.5% of the prescriptions were adherent to all four guideline recommendations. On evaluating adherence to pharmacotherapy, the maximum proportion of patients demonstrated moderate adherence (45%).
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Aims: To determine the prevalence of Candida species in ‘thairu’, a traditional fermented milk prepared in the households of Kerala. Study Design: ‘Thairu’ samples collected randomly from the households in Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad and Kannur districts of Kerala. This was followed by enumeration and identification of yeast using API 20CAUX Kit. Determination of pH and acidity of samples. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala. September 2021- December 2021. Methodology: A total of 30 household ‘thairu’ samples were collected from households of Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad and Kannur districts of Kerala in sterile bottles. The samples were serially diluted in normal saline and pour plated on to Yeast Extract Glucose Chloramphenicol Agar for isolation and enumeration. The pH was measured using pH meter by directly inserting the probe into the homogenized sample. Titratable acidity in per cent lactic acid was measured using N/10 NaOH. The isolates were identified based on the sugar fermentation pattern using API 20C AUX kit (Biomerieux, France). Results: The yeast count in the samples ranged from 5.0 to 6.7 log CFU/g with an average of 5.89±0.38 log CFU/g. Average acidity and pH of the samples were 1.92±0.34 % LA and 3.59±0.60 respectively. A total of 23 yeast isolates were identified based on morphology and carbohydrate fermentation pattern using API 20C AUX kit (Biomerieux, France). Exactly 86.95 per cent of isolates belong to Candida species. Conclusion: Observations of the study revealed the high prevalence of Candida species in traditional fermented milk ‘thairu’. Predominant Candida species were lactose fermenters, but the presence of a few species with spoilage and pathogenicity potential were also detected. The safety assessment of Candida species is essential before applying them as starter cultures for food fermentations.
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Background & objectives: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and cancers of breast, oral cavity and cervix contribute to around 5.87 million (60%) deaths in India. Despite this, there is limited evidence on preparedness of the tribal health system in mitigating these conditions. This mixed-methods study aimed at identifying enablers and challenges using a multistakeholder approach for the screening of NCDs and common cancers in a tribal block of Maharashtra, India. Methods: This study was conducted in a tribal community of Dahanu taluka in Palghar district of Maharashtra. A total of nine focus group discussions (FGDs) among tribal women and accredited social health activists (ASHAs), 13 key informant interviews (KIIs) among auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs) and community health officers (CHO) and facility surveys of five public health facilities were conducted. The FGDs and KIIs were conducted using guides, recorded digitally, transcribed, analyzed and triangulated to identify emerging themes. Results: The tribal women had limited knowledge about NCDs and common cancers. Paucity of health facilities, out-of-pocket expenditure, misconceptions, belief on traditional healers and inability to prioritize health were identified as major challenges. The ASHAs were recognized as a key connecting link between health system and community while provision of culturally appropriate IEC materials and adequate training were recognized as critical enablers by healthcare providers in implementing screening for NCDs and common cancers. Interpretation & conclusions: The study recommends incorporating socioculturally relevant strategies in the tribal population and strengthening health facilities in terms of infrastructure and training with involvement of ASHAs for successful implementation of the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) through health and wellness centres.
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Background & objectives: In the current health system, cash incentives are given to accredited social health activists for referring women to public health facilities for specific maternal and child health services, however many reproductive health problems are not included in these services. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of involvement of self-help groups (SHGs) in improving reproductive health seeking behaviour and service utilization by tribal women. Methods: An experimental study was conducted in two tribal blocks of Nasik district (Kalvan and Surgana) in Maharashtra, India, over a period of 18 months. Interventions included training of SHG women and providing incentives to them for conducting health education sessions for reproductive age group women in the community and referring those with the requisite problems, to the health facilities. Pre- and post-intervention focus group discussions and in-depth interviews among SHG women were conducted. Training of service providers on diagnosis and treatment of reproductive morbidities was done, and health service utilization was assessed. Results: Sixty five per cent of the referred women with reproductive morbidities availed services at the public health facilities. A review of records of women seeking services for reproductive health problems showed that there was a significant improvement in the intent for seeking services in the study block as compared to the control block (?2–9.06, P<0.002). Interpretation & conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing the potential of SHGs for improving reproductive health seeking behaviour of the tribal women. The results suggest that this model could be scaled up to address the neglected reproductive health needs of women without burdening the existing human resources
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Aims: To identify predominant microorganisms in dish washing scrubbers collected from ten different sources. Study Design: Collection of dish wash scrubbers from different sources, pour plating of appropriately prepared dish wash scrub suspensions and subsequent isolation and identification of predominant isolates. Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility of the selected isolates by disc diffusion assay. Place and Duration of Study: April, 2018 - June 2018. Methodology: A total of 10 dish wash scrubbers (synthetic green scrubber pads free from any anti-bacterial preservatives belonging to the same brand) were collected from various sources. Appropriately prepared dish wash scrub suspensions in peptone water were pour plated on Plate Count Agar (PCA) and MacConkey agar. Predominant colonies selected from the plates based on the colony morphology were subjected to Grams staining, catalase, oxidase, indole, citrate, urease tests and genotypic identification by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The identified isolates were tested for their susceptibility to eight antibiotics by disc diffusion method. Results: Irrespective of the sample source, most of the dish wash scrubbers sampled harbored similar types of colonies. From the colonies obtained two of them were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and subsequent blasting as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter radioresistens. The isolates were deposited in the NCBI database with accession numbers MK032217 (Klebsiella pneumoniae RSV02) and MK032134 (Acinetobacter radioresistens RSV 01). These isolates were tested for their susceptibility to different antibiotics and Acinetobacter radioresistens RSV 01 was found to be more antibiotic susceptible than Klebsiella pneumoniae RSV02. Conclusion: Observations of this study confirm the potential role of dish wash scrubbers as vehicle for potential pathogens and their ability to act as cross contaminating agents in food processing environments.
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BACKGROUND: Spontaneous intra-cerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a major public health problem with an annual incidence of 10–30 cases per 100 000 population, accounting for 2 million (10–15%) of approximately 15 million strokes, which occur worldwide each year. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is (i) to correlate volume and location of lesion (hemorrhage) with clinical picture and prognosis, (ii) to determine clinical and CT parameters or ?ndings that could predict prognosis. METHODS AND MATERIAL: The study was conducted on 100 Patients with diagnosis of spontaneous ICH and who were diagnosed and admitted to MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, Kishanganj, Bihar, India from 01/08/19 to 30/07/2021, age ranged between 18 and 75 years. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) spontaneous ICHs on the basis of C.T scan and (2) No antecedent disease such as arterio venous malformations, tumour, anticoagulation therapy, cerebral aneurysms, or traumatic events. RESULT: The haemorrhagic stroke on the basis of site, putamen is 44, frontal and parietal is 5 and temporal is 3 in numbers with weakness of limbs or focal neurological de?cit was commonest presentation associated with hypertension and diabetes as risk factors was 50% and 07% respectively. The lobar and deep haemorrhages constitute 18% and 75% respectively but the mean volume of haemorrhage 28.44cm3 and 36.52cm3. CONCLUSION: In present study the location of ICH was lobar in 18% deep ganglionic (+ventricle) in 75%, cerebellar in 3% and pontine or midbrain in 4% of the patients. The location of the hematoma in 13 (72.7%) of the LH patients was con?ned to a single cerebral lobe, while in 5 (27.2%) of LH patients, hematoma was located in two lobes
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Ayurveda- The science of life, has two aims, firstly it aimed at to preserve and protect the health of a healthy individual and secondly to cure the disease. As Ayurveda gives first priority to the preventive aspects to preserve and protect the health, it described preventive principles under the heading of Swasthavritta. Swasthavritta classically includes Dinacharya, Nishacharya and Ritucharya. These Charyas if followed properly, brings the balance in Thridosha (Vata, Pitta & Kapha) and thus maintains the Samadoshavastha (Homeostasis of humours/health). Thidoshas are always dynamic in nature, especially during seasonal variation. Adaptation to each Ritu is always a challenging to human beings, more in modern era, where people are running with mechanical life and exposing to pollutants. Ayurveda beautifully described Ritucharya prescription to be followed to bring balance in Tridoshavastha and also prevent morbid matter accumulation. There are six Rutus namely Sisira, Vasantha, Greeshma, Varsha, Sharat & Hemantha, among these, Sharat Ritu (mid-September - mid November) comes under the Visargakala constituting of Ashwini and Karthika Masa. In this Ritu physiologically Pitta undergoes Prakopa, if not followed Ritucharya properly, the Pitta will get vitiate and causes Pitta related diseases. In this article an honest attempt has been made to gather information regarding Sarat ritucahrya from all possible literature from Ayurvedic classics with practical aspects.
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Background & objectives: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is becoming an area of global and national health concern. It requires a life cycle approach from adolescence to menopause. To comprehensively address the wide spectrum of this disorder, a multidisciplinary model of care was established for women with PCOS in a government setting in India with an objective to screen and manage multifaceted manifestations of PCOS and to diagnose and treat associated comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, dermatologic manifestations and psychological issues. Methods: A model of integrated multidisciplinary PCOS clinic was implemented for services and research at ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (NIRRCH), Mumbai Maharashtra, India. This is a one-stop holistic centre for managing menstrual, cosmetic, infertility, obesity, metabolic and psychological concerns of women affected with PCOS. Two hundred and twenty six women diagnosed with PCOS using the Rotterdam criteria were screened for metabolic comorbidities with anthropometry, ultrasonography, hormonal and biochemical tests and for psychological problems. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 19.0. Results: Mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.1 kg/m2, higher for Asians. Hirsutism was observed in 53.6 per cent of women. Metabolic syndrome was seen among 35.3 per cent and non-alcoholic fatty liver in 18.3 per cent. Psychological issues such as anxiety and depression were identified in majority of the women 31.4 per cent of women could achieve pregnancy at the end of one year of multidisciplinary management. Interpretation & conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that an integrated multidisciplinary approach led to the early identification and treatment of comorbidities of PCOS, especially metabolic syndrome. There is hence an urgent need to implement multidisciplinary PCOS clinics in government health facilities.
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Background & objectives: COVID-19 pandemic has triggered social stigma towards individuals affected and their families. This study describes the process undertaken for the development and validation of scales to assess stigmatizing attitudes and experiences among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 participants from the community. Methods: COVID-19 Stigma Scale and Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale constituting 13 and six items, respectively, were developed based on review of literature and news reports, expert committee evaluation and participants’ interviews through telephone for a multicentric study in India. For content validity, 61 (30 COVID-19-recovered and 31 non-COVID-19 participants from the community) were recruited. Test–retest reliability of the scales was assessed among 99 participants (41 COVID-19 recovered and 58 non-COVID-19). Participants were administered the scale at two-time points after a gap of 7-12 days. Cronbach’s alpha, overall percentage agreement and kappa statistics were used to assess internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Results: Items in the scales were relevant and comprehensible. Both the scales had Cronbach’s ? above 0.6 indicating moderate-to-good internal consistency. Test–retest reliability assessed using kappa statistics indicated that for the COVID-19 Stigma Scale, seven items had a moderate agreement (0.4-0.6). For the Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale, four items had a moderate agreement. Interpretation & conclusions: Validity and reliability of the two stigma scales indicated that the scales were comprehensible and had moderate internal consistency. These scales could be used to assess COVID-19 stigma and help in the development of appropriate stigma reduction interventions for COVID-19 infected, and mitigation of stigmatizing attitudes in the community.
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Background & objectives: Lack of costing data is a critical gap that exists in the field of family planning (FP) in India. The aim of this study was to estimate health system costs of FP in India for existing modern methods, and potential newer methods (etonorgestrel implant and levonorgestrel intrauterine device) and pregnancy-related services in India. Methods: A bottom-up micro-costing study was conducted in five public health facilities of an Indian State. Data of last one year were collected from existing hospital records and hospital staff was interviewed. Collected data were analyzed using standard costing methods. Results: Package costs of delivering FP services ranged from ? 807 (95% CI 685, 931) for condoms and ? 10,539 (8796, 12269) for tubal ligation. Estimates of etonorgestrel implant and levonorgestrel intrauterine system were ? 3,200 (2800, 3625) and 3,426 (3232, 3623). Cost of antenatal care along with vaginal delivery, caesarean and abortion were ? 10,916 (8744, 13078), 22,136 (17570, 26910) and 8,574 (6791, 10379), respectively. One way sensitivity analysis showed that the three most influential factors on the costs of FP services were prices of drugs and consumables, number of beneficiaries and health personnel cost. Interpretation & conclusions: The present study has generated package costs for FP and pregnancy-related services in India which could be used by publicly-fu
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Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in MECP2 in majority of cases. It is characterized by arrested development between 6 and 18 months of age, regression of acquired hand skills and speech, stereotypic hand movements, gait abnormalities and seizures. There are a very few studies in India which illustrates mutation spectrum in RTT. None of the studies have correlated seizures with the genotype. This study describes the phenotype and genotype spectrum in children with RTT syndrome and analyses the association of epilepsy with various clinical features and molecular findings. All children with RTT in our cohort had global developmental delay. Genetic diagnosis identified mutations of the MECP2 in all 25 children where RTT was suspected. We have identified point mutations in 20 patients, one insertion and four deletions by Sanger sequencing, namely c.1164_1207 (44 bp), c.1165_1207 (43 bp), c.1157_1197 (41 bp) del and c.1157_1188 (32 bp). Clinically, none of the patients with deletion had seizures. We identified one novel insertion variant c.337_338 (p.S113Ffs*9). All the deletions were located in the C-terminal region. Majority of the mutations (22/25) were identified in exon 4 which comprised of nonsense and missense types. Screening of hotspot mutations in exon 4 should be the first line evaluation in diagnosis of RTT. Molecular testing could help in specific management of seizures in RTT.
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Background: Rupture uterus is a life-threatening obstetric emergency associated with high perinatal mortality. This study aims to find out the common factors associated with this catastrophic condition so as to help in decreasing the incidence of this condition in this study set-up. The objective of this study was to determine incidence, socio-demographic factors, etiology, types of presentation, patterns of management and maternal and fetal outcome in cases of rupture uterus presenting in this study hospital in one year.Methods: In this retrospective study 40 cases of ruptured uterus admitted in the hospital between January to December 2016 were analyzed. Detailed history of relevant socio-demographic factors, prior obstetric and surgical history, clinical findings, nature of management done, fetal and maternal outcome were thoroughly analyzed from the record.Results: A total 40 cases of ruptured uterus during this one-year period out of total 1220 deliveries constituted an incidence of 3%. The commonest age group is 25-30 years (47%). Majority of patients of rupture uterus were those with previous scarred uterus trying for vaginal delivery in hands of dais, untrained birth attendants and midwives. Repair was possible in the majority of cases. There were no maternal deaths but fetal mortality was 92.5%.Conclusions: Proper antenatal care, transportation facilities, good counseling of patients with history of previous uterine surgery for institutional delivery can help in reducing the incidence of rupture uterus in developing countries like India. Prompt surgical intervention can help in reducing the maternal morbidity and mortality associated with rupture uterus.
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Background: Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB)accounts for 5% of gynecology visit. All with unexpected uterine bleeding should be evaluated for endometrial carcinoma since this potentially lethal disease is the cause of bleeding in approximately 10 percent patients (range 1 to 25 percent, depending upon risk factors). The aim of the study was to evaluate endometrial causes of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) with it's correlation with endometrial thickness (ET)and hysteroscopy findings and endometrial tissue histopathology.Methods: A total 50 consecutive cases of PMB fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria and giving informed consent were selected. Each patient was subjected to transvaginal sonography (TVS) in which uterus, adnexa and endometrial thickness (ET) was assessed. Then hysteroscopy and/or dilation and curettage was scheduled at subsequent visit. Endometrial sample was sent for histopathological examination. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy was calculated for ET by TVS and hysteroscopy findings, considering histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard.Results: Most common endometrial cause of PMB was atrophic endometrium (44%). The other causes were endometrial carcinoma (18%), endometrial hyperplasia (18%), endometrial polyp (12%), endometritis (4%), and leiomyoma (4%). The diagnostic accuracy of ET by TVS at a cut-off point of 5 mm was 94% with sensitivity 89.3%, specificity 100%, PPV 100% and NPV 88%. The diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopy was 98% with sensitivity 96.4%, specificity 100%, PPV 100% and NPV 95.7%.Conclusions: Being relatively cheap, easily accessible, non-invasive, TVS with ET measurement should first line investigation in the evaluation of women with postmenopausal bleeding with suspected endometrial pathology. Although hysteroscopy is more specific and sensitive, in poor resource settings it should be limited to cases with ill-defined endometrial lining, recurrent/ persistent bleeding and cases with endometrial thickness greater than 5 mm irrespective of endometrial echotexture.
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The problem of infertility is increasing over the years and so are the couples seekingmedical help for it. Estimates of infertility in India goes to around 10 - 15 percent.Hence evaluation of the couple with the help of history and accompanyinginvestigations are foremost required. Various modalities are available foridentifying the cause. One such cause is abnormalities in the uterine cavity. Thisstep is important because its inner layer, called endometrium is responsible forimplantation of the embryo in the blastocyst stage. For such assessment of theuterine cavity, the gold standard procedure is the diagnostic hysteroscopy. Itinvolves direct visualization of the cavity and simultaneous correction of theintrauterine pathology. Hysteroscopy is a simple procedure with low risk ofcomplication; moreover, complications occur with operative procedures mostcommonly. This study aims to evaluate these complications and critically appraisethe changes in trend of complications.METHODSThis is an observational study. Study included 32 patients with infertilityundergoing operative hysteroscopy at obstetrics and gynaecology department inour hospital.RESULTSAmong the 32 patients, the most common hysteroscopic procedure was lateral wallmetroplasty (40.6%) followed by septal resection (25%). Polypectomy, adhesiolysisand tubal cannulation. Complication rate was 6.25 percent, among which post-opinfection and bleeding per vaginum were the most important
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Breast cancer accounts for about one-third of female cancers and nearly about one-fourth of all malignancies. Breast carcinoma, in India, is the second most common malignancy after carcinoma cervix. Well timed and precise detection of a lump in the breast and prompt intervention can reduce not only the concern but is also lifesaving in many. We wanted to study the histopathological spectrum and prevalence of breast lesions.METHODSThis is a retrospective study done among 867 cases of breast lesions. The histopathological features were studied, and the various entities were diagnosed based on the WHO classification of tumours of the Breast.RESULTSUnilateral lesions (91.7%) were much more common than bilateral lesions. Most of the cases were benign (88.3%) of which the most common was fibroadenoma accounting for 496 (57%) of all cases followed by fibroadenosis (16.26%). Among the malignant cases the most common was invasive ductal carcinoma NOS accounting for 92 cases (10.6%).CONCLUSIONSThe pattern of breast lesions provides beneficial information concerning clinicopathological spectrum of breast lesions. For the correct and adequate treatment, clinical diagnosis, correlation and confirmation with the histopathological diagnosis of a breast lump is a must. Proper breast cancer awareness study and screening programs should be conducted across women of all status so that basic training and motivation can be given to women to report to the doctors as early as possible once a lump is noticed. This can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with breast tumours.
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In clinical practice, thyroid nodules are very common, with wide disparity in incidence and histopathological pattern related to age, sex, dietary and environmental factors and are usually associated with a wide spectrum of diseases extending from functionally and immunologically mediated enlargement to neoplastic lesions. Thyroid cancer is the commonest endocrine cancer accounting for 92% of all the endocrine malignancies even though it is a relatively rare malignancy. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency, age group, sex distribution, and various histopathological spectrum of lesions in the thyroid.METHODSThe present study is a hospital based retrospective two-year study and was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Azeezia Medical College, Meeyannor, Kollam, Kerala. Tissue samples for H&E sections were fixed in 10% formalin and subjected to routine paraffin embedded processing after which this was then stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Various histopathological spectrum of lesions in the thyroid were observed and classified as benign and malignant on the basis of World Health Organization histological classification of the thyroid tumours.RESULTSOut of total cases of 476 thyroid lesions, maximum number of lesions were seen in patients in the age group of 41-50 years. Most common clinical symptom was midline neck swelling. Out of 476 cases, 419 cases (88.1%) were diagnosed as non-neoplastic and remaining 57 cases (11.9%) as neoplastic. The most common non-neoplastic lesion was multi-nodular goiter (MNG) (55.4%), followed by lymphocytic thyroiditis (17.6%), Hashimoto thyroiditis (9%), and adenomatous goiter (5.6%). The common benign lesion was follicular adenoma seen in 17 (29.8%) cases. Papillary carcinoma was the commonest malignant tumour seen in 33 cases, 66.6% of all malignant lesions which we encountered in our study.CONCLUSIONSIn our study, majority of thyroid diseases showed a female predominance with most of them occurring in the age group of 41-50 years and most common thyroid lesions were non-neoplastic. Proper diagnostic tools, including clinical history, ultrasonography and proper pathological examination are required for the identification of thyroid malignancy. Diagnosis by histopathological examination is important for the prompt diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic lesions.