ABSTRACT
Introduction: Failure of ossification in the vertical direction between the two halves of the frontal bone is called a metopic suture; this suture is present in between the superciliary arch and tubers of the frontal bone so it is also called a median frontal suture. At birth, the frontal bone present is two half, in the 1st year they contact each other, and within the 7th to 8th year, they fused together. Sometimes, bones may not be fused completely and it becomes metopic fontanelle. MaterialsandMethods: The goal of the current study was to determine the prevalence of metopic suture in adult human skulls in Uttar Pradesh. One hundred and fifty macerated skulls of undetermined age and sex were used for this. The anatomical departments of Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College and Research Center (Moradabad), King George Medical College (Lucknow), SRMS Institute of Medical Science (Bareilly), Govt. Medical College Kannauj, and Govt. Medical College Saharanpur provided these skulls. Results: This study has found the incidence of metopic sutures of about 12.90%. The two types of metopic sutures were found in this study, namely complete metopic suture 4.52% and incomplete metopic suture 8.38% in which found 0.64% “V” shape metopic suture. Conclusion: Themorphological study of metopic sutures on adult crania is useful for anatomists, experts in forensic medicine, and neurologists for performing surgical procedures in this area
ABSTRACT
Aim: To assess the arterial pattern of middle segmental artery and its relation with collecting system in the human kidneys. Materials and Methods: We studied 50 fresh human Kidneys by corrosion cast techniques. We used different colour coded moulding granules of butyl butyrate, red for artery, blue for vein and black for collecting system of the human kidneys. 20% solution of butyl butyrate in acetone was injected into renal vessels and ureter of each kidney. Injected kidneys were kept immersed in concentrated Potassium Hydroxide solution for corrosion to obtain the endocasts. These endocasts were cleaned under the running tap water and observed macroscopically. Results: We observed three types of variations in arterial pattern of middle segmental artery namely Middle Segmental Artery Type-1 (MSAT1), Middle Segmental Artery Type-2 (MSAT2), Middle Segmental Artery Type-3 (MSAT3) and they were seen in 29(58%), 14(28%), 6(12%) kidneys respectively. We also observed three different variations in relation between middle segmental artery and collecting system namely Middle Segmental Artery Group-1 (MSAG1), Middle Segmental Artery Group-2 (MSAG2), Middle Segmental Artery Group-3 (MSAG3) and they were seen in 32%, 24%, 42% kidneys respectively. Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge of these variations is of valuable contribution for uro-surgeon in performing more and more conservative renal surgeries which lead to preservation of healthy and functional renal parenchyma and prevent intraoperative and post-operative complications.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Clinicians and anatomists have been examining coronary artery variations for a long time. However, there is still no consensus on the normality or abnormality of coronary arteries. The present survey was therefore conducted to find out the variations in left coronary artery (LCA) and right coronary artery (RCA) branches, the existence and occurrence of the median artery in northern Indian population.Material and methods: The present study was planned and conducted during March 2012 to September 2014 at Department of Anatomy, Major S. D. Singh Medical College, Fatehgarh; a tertiary care teaching hospital. The hearts of 40 adult northern Indian cadavers fixed with 10% formaldehyde were used. To determine the dominant circulation, the artery that supplies the posterior inter ventricular sulcus was investigated. Dissections were performed under a dissection microscope and photographed. Results: LCA branched out of the aortic sinus in all the hearts and had an average diameter of 4.44 ± 1.79 mm. In 45% hearts, the LCA was separated into the anterior inter ventricular branch and the circumflex branch (bifurcation). In 42.5% hearts, in addition to the anterior inter ventricular branch and the circumflex branch; there was a median artery that coursed on the front wall of the left ventricle (trifurcation). In 10% hearts, branching occurred as in trifurcation but with two median arteries emerging from the LCA (quadrifurcation). Myocardial bridges were found on the LCA branches in 19 of the 24 hearts in which the median artery existence of the median artery and myocardial bridges. The median artery might be important as it may not result in any clinical symptom for many years in a large number of subjects. Knowledge of individual and racial variations in coronary arteries is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery patients.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy and anomalies of coronary circulation is definitely a crucial component in the management of heart diseases. Complex cardiac surgical repairs demand enhanced understanding of the basic anatomy to improve the operative Outcomes Material and methods: The present study was planned by Department of Anatomy and was executed in collaboration with Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology during 2010 to 2014 at a tertiary care teaching hospital located in western Uttar Pradesh. The angiographic data of 5,532 patients who underwent coronary angiography were considered for anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx). Results: The incidence of anomalous origin of the LCx was found to be 0.36%. The LCx arose from the left coronary sinus of valsalva (there was separate orifice for the LCx and the left anterior descending coronary artery) in 45.0% patients, from the right coronary sinus of valsalva, (there was a separate orifice for the LCx and the right coronary artery) in 25.0% patients, from the proximal part of right coronary artery in 30.0% patients. Conclusion: On the basis of findings of the current study it can be concluded that, the anomalous origin of the LCx may not be benign all the time. In case where ischemia does not resolve accurately after successful treatment of a coronary stenosis, anomalous coronary arteries must be considered.