ABSTRACT
Objectives: Widespread zinc deficiency is likely to exist in developing countries where staple diets are predominantly plant based and intakes of animal source foods are low. In Ethiopia, there are no data which reflect the current prevalence of zinc deficiency at the national and regional levels. The 2014 Ethiopia National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS) will estimate the national and regional prevalence of Zinc deficiency among children 6-59 months old and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age. Methods: The ENMS is a cross-sectional household survey designed to produce national and regionally representative estimates of zinc deficiency. The prevalence of zinc deficiency will be determined by measuring serum zinc in venous blood samples using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Time of day for blood sampling, time of last meal, time of centrifugation, and other appropriate variables will be collected to assist in interpretation of data. The zinc deficiency cut-off defined by WHO is <70 μg/dL for all target groups will be used to analyze the results. Acute phase proteins alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) will be measured by immunoassay technique to account for the effects of inflammation when interpreting zinc deficiency. Results: The national and regional prevalence of zinc deficiency will be presented among children 6-59 months and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age with and without inflammation in Ethiopia. Conclusions: This survey will provide national and regional data for zinc supplementation and fortification programs in Ethiopia.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: According to the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011, the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children 6-59 months old was 44%, 12% and 29% respectively. The proportion of non-pregnant women with a Body Mass Index (BMI) below 18.5 kg/m2, indicating chronic energy deficiency was 27%. This survey will measure anthropometric status among children 6-59 months of age, school age children 5-14 years of age, non-pregnant women 15-45 years old, and men 15-54 years old at national and regional levels. Methods: The ENMS is a cross-sectional household survey designed to produce national and regionally representative estimates of nutritional status. Anthropometry measurements will be conducted for all target groups using standard methods. Anthropometric indicators of length/heightfor- age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age will be determined for children 6-59 months. Thinness, normal, overweight and obesity will be assessed according to BMI among other target groups. Results: The national and regional prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children 6-59 months of age will be presented. The national and regional proportions of thinness, overweight and obesity among all target groups will also be presented. Conclusions: This survey will provide national and regional data to guide nutrition programs in Ethiopia.
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Objectives: In Ethiopia, there are no data which reflect the current prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) or iron deficiency anemia (IDA) at national or regional levels. The 2014 Ethiopia National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS) will estimate the national and regional prevalence of ID and IDA among children 6-59 months old and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age in Ethiopia. Methods: The prevalence of ID will be determined by measuring serum ferritin (SF) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) from venous blood samples using an automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ELISA) and immuno-turbidimetry technique. Iron deficiency will be defined by SF<12.0 μg/L and sTfR>6.0 mg/L for children 6-59 months of age and SF<15.0 μg/L and sTfR>5.33 mg/L for non-pregnant women. Acute phase proteins alpha-1-acidglycoprotein (AGP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) will be measured to account for the effects of inflammation. The prevalence of anemia will be determined from hemoglobin levels in venous blood samples using a Hemocue® photometer. Anemia will be defined as hemoglobin <11.0 and <12.0 g/dL for children 6-59 months of age and non-pregnant women, respectively. IDA will be defined as either: 1) low serum ferritin levels and low hemoglobin (anemia) or 2) elevated sTfR (iron deficiency) and low hemoglobin (anemia). Results: The national and regional prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA will be presented with and without inflammation among children 6-59 months and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age in Ethiopia. Conclusions: This survey will provide national and regional data for anemia control and fortification programs in Ethiopia.
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Objectives: There are no data which provide information on the current prevalence of VAD at the national and regional levels in Ethiopia. The 2014 Ethiopia National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS) will provide these estimates among children 6-59 months old and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age in Ethiopia. Methods: The ENMS is a cross-sectional household survey designed to produce national and regionally representative estimates of vitamin A deficiency. The retinol concentration of venous blood serum will be determined by HPLC. Mild VAD will be defined as a serum retinol concentration <0.70 μmol/L and severe VAD as <0.35 μmol/L. Acute phase proteins alpha-1-acidglycoprotein (AGP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) will be measured by immunoassay technique to account for the effects of inflammation when interpreting VAD. Results: The national and regional prevalence of vitamin A deficiency will be presented among children 6-59 months and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age with and without inflammation in Ethiopia. Conclusions: This survey will provide national and regional data for vitamin A supplementation and fortification programs in Ethiopia.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: According to Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011, the prevalence of anemia among children age 6-59 months and women of reproductive age is 44.2% and 16.6% respectively. The 2014 Ethiopia National Micronutrient Survey will provide national and regional estimates of the prevalence of anemia among children 6-59 months’ old and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age in Ethiopia. Methods: The ENMS is a cross-sectional household survey designed to produce national and regionally representative estimates of anemia. The prevalence of anemia will be determined from hemoglobin levels in venous blood samples using a Hemocue® photometer. Anemia will be defined by a hemoglobin <11.0 and <12.0 g/dL for children 6-59 months of age and non-pregnant women, respectively. Hemoglobin values will be adjusted for altitude and smoking status. Results: The national and regional prevalence of anemia will be presented for children 6-59 months old and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age. Conclusions: This survey will provide national and regional data for anemia control and fortification programs in Ethiopia.
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Objectives: According to the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011, the proportion of households using iodized salt (>15 parts per million [PPM]) was 15.4%. The 2014 Ethiopia National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS) will estimate the national and regional proportions of households using adequately iodized (>15 ppm) salt in Ethiopia. Methods: The ENMS is a cross-sectional household survey designed to produce national and regionally representative estimates. Samples of salt (20 gram) usually consumed will be collected from approximately 4,000households for qualitative testing using the rapid test kit. Salt samples will be sent to the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Institute Laboratory where iodometric titration will be conducted. Results: The national and regional proportions of households with adequately iodized (>15 ppm) salt will be presented. Conclusions: This survey will provide national and regional data for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the Universal Salt Iodization (USI) program in Ethiopia.
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Objectives: IDD is a common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. In Ethiopia, there are no data which reflect the current status of IDD at the national or regional levels. The 2014 Ethiopia National Micronutrient Survey (ENMS) will estimate the national and regional prevalence of IDD among children 5-14 years of age and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age in Ethiopia. Methods: The ENMS is a cross-sectional household survey designed to produce national and regionally representative estimates of iodine deficiency. Urine samples will be collected from children aged 5-14 years of age and from all non-pregnant womenof reproductive age. Approximately 10 ml of urine will be stored at -20ºC until analyzed for urinary iodine excretion by the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD urinary iodine criteria (among school-age children and non-pregnant women of reproductive age) will be used to interpret the findings. Results: The national and regional iodine status will be presented based on median urinary iodine levels for children 5-14 years old and non-pregnant women 15-49 years of age in Ethiopia. Conclusions: This survey will provide national and regional datafor monitoring the progress toward the elimination of IDD in Ethiopia.
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Objectives: The objective of the study was to collect Moringa stenopetala (M. stenopetala) samples from 19 locations all over Ethiopia to generate a national data on its nutritional profile Methods: Fresh green Moringa stenopetala (M. stenopetala) leaf samples obtained from farming area in different provinces in Ethiopia were dried and physicochemical analysis was carried out employing AOAC methods of analysis. Results: The samples collected had a mean value of 8.09%, 28.44%, 0.7%, 11.62%, 12.63%, 38.49%, 274Kcal of moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, carbohydrate and energy respectively. Moreover, the samples had a mean value of 54.85 mg/100gm, 1,918 mg/100gm, 2.16 mg/100gm, 0.78 mg/100gm, 38.19 mg/100gm, 2,094 mg/100gm and 214.10 mg/100gm of Fe, Ca, Zn, Cu, P, K and Na respectively. The mean value of the anti-nutritional factors analyzed – phytate and tannin – was 378.44 mg/100gm and 358.89 mg/100gm, respectively. There has been a statistically significant difference in the mean values of all nutrition composition parameters between study regions– Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR and Dire Dawa – except for tannin content of the samples. Conclusions: These finding reveals that M. stenopetala species of Moringa tree in Ethiopia has appreciable nutritional profile which can be of a great input to fight the long overdue malnutrition problem in Ethiopia.
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Objectives: To assess the magnitude and causes of goiter in West Gojjam, Amhara National Regional state, Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted in July 2010. The sample size was determined by assuming 50% prevalence of total goiter rate, 5% error, 95% confidence interval, design effect of 1 (random) and 5% of non-response rate. Two stage random sampling; sub-district and village was used to select children aged 6-12 years and their biological mothers from 10 randomly selected villages in each of the districts. Overall, 403 households participated in the study. The assessment was conducted using palpation of thyroid size, urinary iodine level determination, household level interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Results: The study revealed a total goiter prevalence rate of 54% and 30.1% in children and their biological mothers respectively. More than 64% of the children were severely iodine deficient. Younger age mother were more affected than older and female children are more afected than male ones. The major cause for goiter as revealed by urinary iodine level and concentration of iodized salt is dietary iodine deficiency. There are no goitrogenic foods such as cassava, however, goitrogenic chemicals such as Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were widely used. The study areas are known for surplus produce of cereals, legumes and chilli. Conclusions: In order to reverse the problem, immediate and sustainable distribution of iodated salt/oil capsule, prohibition of direct application of pesticides on foods and awareness creation on adverse effects of IDD and benefits of iodine nutrition is highly recommended.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of zinc deficiency among infants and preschool children. Methods: A community based, cross-sectional study was conducted in East Gojjam zone between October 2011 and April 2012. Sub-samples about 240 infants and preschool children were randomly selected in the study. Data on potential determinants of zinc deficiency were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum zinc concentration was measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and Student’s independent t-test and linear regression model. Results: The mean serum zinc concentration of infants and preschool children was 62.98 (±13.03) µg/dl (95% CI: 61.32, 64.63 µg/dl). About 57.1% of the subjects were zinc deficient. The main determinants of low serum zinc status of infants and preschool children were age and number of family members living on the same land. Zinc status of older children was 3.67 µg/dl (95% CI: -5.58,-1.77 µg/dl) lower than children who were aged 6-10 months. Serum zinc status of infants and preschool children is decreased by 0.83 µg/dl (95% CI:-1.36, -0.30 µg/dl) with each additional family member. Food insecurity, dietary diversity, sex, child health, anthropometric indices, maternal education and wealth index were not associated with serum zinc status. Conclusions: The prevalence of zinc deficiency was more than two-fold of the value set by International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group. Such potential deficiencies require urgent attention including the endorsement of food fortification programs, complementary food preparation education and family planning implementation.