ABSTRACT
Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an established, highly accurate, and cost-effective method for diagnosinglesions in different organs including the breast. The method is minimally invasive without unwanted side effects. At present,accurate diagnosis of breast lesions depends on a triple assessment approach that is combined clinical, radiological, andpathological diagnosis. FNAC is widely adopted for pathological diagnosis of different types of the breast lesions. In developingcountries, like India, malignant causes as well as non-malignant causes are the most common causes of breast lump. FNACproves to be a valuable tool in diagnosing these cases.Aims: This study intended to look the frequencies and various cytomorphological presentations of different lesions on FNACof breast lump.Materials and Methods: In a study period of January 2015–December 2017, in the Pathology Department, GMERS MedicalCollege, Ahmedabad, 430 patients of breast lesions for FNAC came. Those were subjected to cytological evaluation withhematoxylin and eosin, Giemsa, Papanicolaou, and Ziehl–Neelsen stained smears. We assessed the age of the patients, lesionsize, site, type of lesion, and axillary lymph node metastasis in case of malignancies. In addition, the ultrasonography/mammographyof these patients with the clinical presentation was also studied.Results: Age ranges from 13 to 100 years with a mean age of 38 years. Among the lesions, 31.86% fibroadenoma, 23.02%malignant lesions, 11.81% fibrocystic changes, and 20.23% inflammatory lesions were identified. Mean lesion size was3.37 ± 2.08 cm. 12 (12.12%) of malignant lesion cases showed metastasis in axillary lymph nodes.Conclusion: FNAC serves as a safe, rapid, economical, requiring minimal instrumentation, and highly sensitive tool forthe diagnosis of different kind of the breast lesions and ductal carcinoma. The cytomorphological examination of theselesions before operation or treatment serves as an important diagnostic modality. The sensitivity can be further increased bycomplementing with radiological and clinical findings.
ABSTRACT
Background: The issue of HIV/AIDS and women’s health can be viewed in the context of (1) the unravelling epidemic, (2) the screening of women for HIV and provision of ongoing surveillance, and (3) hope for the future, even though the battle against HIV has not won. Estimating the seroprevalence of HIV in a low risk population such as pregnant women provides essential information for an effective implementation of AIDS control programs, and also for the monitoring of HIV spread within a country. This study was conducted to establish the prevalence rate of HIV amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Methods: Blood samples from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Sola Civil Hospital and G.M.E.R.S. Medical College, Ahmedabad, were collected after informed consent and pre test counselling. The samples were tested for HIV antibodies as per the WHO guidelines. Data was collected and analyzed for a period of 1 year from1st April 2010 to 31st March 2011.Results: Of the 3101 pregnant women tested in one year 11(0.35%) women were found to be HIV seroreactive. Conclusion: The economic and demographic consequences of the spread of HIV/AIDS are inexorable and awesome. The prevalence rate recorded in this study suggests that HIV screening of pregnant women should be an on- going exercise. Development of programs with an integrated approach to inducing behavioural change, promotion of use of condoms and controlling Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STD)’s may reduce the infectivity of HIV transmitters and susceptibility of HIV exposed persons.