ABSTRACT
Background: Femoral nerve is a nerve of choice forfemoral nerve blockade. It enters the femoral triangle atthe midinguinal point. However, this point of entry neednot be the same always. Aim and Objectives: This studyis aimed at measuring the morphometry of the femoralnerve with the help of bony landmarks. Material andmethods: Forty adult lower limbs were dissected andthe morphometry of the femoral nerve was studied.Results: The mean distance from the Anterior SuperiorIliac Spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle was 12.66 ±1.48 cm. We found the FN from the ASIS at a meandistance of 6.38 ± 1.45 cm. Also, the FN was at a meandistance of 6.76 ± 1.12 cm from the pubic tubercle. Themean length of the FN trunk below the inguinalligament, i.e., in the femoral triangle before the divisionwas 2.19 ± 0.34 cm. However, in 8 lower limbs, the FNtrunk was divided before entering the femoral triangle.Conclusion: The findings of our study serve as anenabling guide to the surgeons, neurologists andanesthetist's in detecting the FN for various clinical andsurgical procedures.
ABSTRACT
Introduction Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder characterized by lack of insulin production by the ß cells of the pancreas. This lack of insulin causes a variety of systemic effects on the metabolism of the body, one of which is reproductive dysfunction. The present study investigates the effects of diabetes on the male reproductive system of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods A total of 18 adult male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were included in the present study. The animals were divided into normal and diabetic groups. The diabetic group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups with durations of 24 and 48 days. A single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight) was administrated intraperitoneally to the animals of the diabetic group. After the planned duration, the testes and epididymides were dissected, and their gross weight was measured. The tissues were then processed for histological study. Results The gross weight of the testes and epididymides in diabetic rats at 24 and 48 days showed a decrease in comparison to the control. (p < 0.01 for testes and epididymides). Diabetic animals presented a significant decrease in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules compared with the control group (p < 0.01). The epididymides in the diabetic groups showed a considerable reduction in the tubular surface area compared with the control group (p < 0.01). There was also a reduction in the mean diameter, which was measured using the maximum and minimum diameter of the tubules (p < 0.01). Conclusion The present study is an insight into the adverse effects that diabetes can have on the tissue structure of the testes, of the epididymides, and ultimately on the process of spermatogenesis.
ABSTRACT
Background: – Infrahyoid muscles are supplied by the ansa cervicalis. The present study aimed to study the variations in the ansa cervicalis and the innervation of infrahyoid muscles. Methods: The study was conducted on 40 cadaveric hemi-necks. Results: Out of the 40 hemi-necks, high level of ansa cervicalis was observed in 2 hemi-necks, intermediate level of ansa was observed in 35 hemi-necks and low level of ansa was observed in 3 hemi-necks. Additionally, dual ansa with absence of inferior root was seen in 4 hemi-necks, dual ansa with absence of inferior root and inter-communication between C2 and C3 was seen in 2 hemi-necks, common trunk supplying all infrahyoid muscles including superior belly of omohyoid was seen in 2 hemi-necks, nerve to inferior belly of omohyoid from inferior root was seen on 1 side. In one specimen unilaterally, superior belly of omohyoid was innervated by a branch from hypoglossal nerve, two superior roots arising from hypoglossal nerve and the inferior root formed only by C3 was seen in the same specimen. Discussion: The knowledge of the possible variations of ansa in relation to the great vessels of the neck prevents the inadvertent injury to those vessels. Any injury can result to phonation disability in professional voice users. In case of infrahyoid muscles palsy, patients have no serious voice problems in their normal speech but the pitch of their voice and also prosody in their singing are lost dramatically. Conclusion: These variations are of clinical importance for the reconstructive surgeries which involve the infrahyoid muscles.