A Cadaveric Study of Incidence, Morphology, Phylogeny and Classification of Extensor Digitorum Brevis Manus.

Introduction: A rare type of variation of extensor muscles on the dorsum of hand is extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM).It is a small muscle rarely present on the dorsum of the hand which can be misinterpreted a pathological mass on the dorsum of the hand. Aim: Aim of the present cadaveric study is to observe the incidence, anatomical morphology of EDBM and to study its phylogenetic significance. Material and Methods: Present study was conducted on 32 adult human cadaveric hands of which 24 were of male and 8 were of female cadavers. Results: The EDBM was observed in one incidence (3.1%) of the specimens. EDBM was found to be between the tendons of extensor digitorum for index and middle fingers. It was of Anatomical variant type I. Conclusion: The knowledge of incidence and morphology of EDBM is of greater relevance in clinical practice to rule out any pathological mass on the dorsum of the hand.

Primary chondrosarcoma of breast - cytology with histopathological correlation: A rare case report with review of literature.

Malignant mesenchymal tumors of the breast other than angiosarcoma are extremely rare and comprise <0.5% of breast tumors. Primary chondrosarcoma of the breast is an extremely rare entity and only 10 cases are reported as single case reports in literature until date. A diagnosis of primary mammary sarcoma can be established only after excluding metaplastic carcinomas and malignant phyllodes by extensive sampling for evidence of in situ or invasive carcinoma. Here, we report a primary chondrosarcoma of breast in a 55-yearold lady diagnosed precisely on fi ne-needle aspiration cytology and confi rmed by histopatholigcal examination after total mastectomy. We emphasize on diagnostic diffi culties encountered in cytology smears and discuss differential diagnoses.

Influence of early rising on performance in tasks requiring attention and memory.

Rising early in the morning has been a prescribed discipline of ancient Indian tradition. While there are no scientific studies comparing early rising volitionally versus circumstantially, selected studies on the latter (rising forcefully) have shown negative impact on an individual’s peroformance. Hence the present study was undertaken to assess the influence of early rising (during Brahma-muhurtha) on tasks requiring attention and the ability to recall. Fifty four normal healthy male volunteers, with ages ranging from 16-22 years from a residential school were selected. They were randomly allocated to two groups (Brahma-muhurtha and control). They were assessed on day 1, day 10 and day 20 of the intervention, using a digit letter substitution task and verbal and spatial memory task. The Brahma-muhurtha group were asked to rise before 4:30 am in the morning based on the traditional Indian astrological calculations, while the control group were allowed to wake up just before 7 am which was their regular timing for waking. Brahma-muhurtha group after 20 days showed a significant improvement in the net scores for digit letter substitution task as well as scores for verbal and spatial memory tasks. The control group also showed an improvement in the memory task but not in the task requiring attentional processes. The present study suggests that rising early in the morning as described in ancient Indian tradition influences the process of attention and can improve the ability to recall.