ABSTRACT
Introduction: Knowledge of anatomical variations of the urinary system is important for urological surgeriesinvolving renal transplant and radiological interpretations. When urologists and clinicians have a soundknowledge of anatomical variations, it eases management, surgical interventions and helps to reducecomplications.Advanced imaging technology is the boon for the patients requiring minimally invasive approaches for variouskidney disorders. These approaches require precise knowledge of normal and variant anatomy of the kidneys,ureters and vascular structures at the hilum of the kidney. Therefore, the objective of this study was to furnish theclinicians with the major anatomical variations of urological system.Method: Ninety adult human cadavers were examined for number, shape and position of kidneys and the uretersover a period of 5 years. Out of these, 85 were males and 15 were female cadavers.Results: Kidneys were bilaterally present in all the cadavers. Hypoplastic kidneys were seen bilaterally in 3.3%cadavers. Out of 90 cadavers, 3 showed bilateral and 6 showed unilateral lobulated kidneys. 2 cadavers showedunilateral (1 L, 1 R) incomplete double ureter. One showed bilateral and 5 showed unilateral accessory renalartery amongst 90 cadavers. Ectopic kidney was seen in one cadaver.Conclusions: Morphological variations in the kidney are very common and are clinically important for urosurgeons
ABSTRACT
Background: Presently Anatomy is taught in a traditional way through lectures, small group teaching and demonstration. All these are teacher-controlled methods for teaching as per Medical Education Technology. So it was decided to introduce a learner-controlled method for teaching of Anatomy i.e. problem-based learning (PBL) with the following. Objectives:To compare the performance of the students undergoing PBL with the performance of the students taught in a traditional way To compare the perception of the students about PBL in comparison to Traditional way Materials and methods: 32 students who volunteered for the study were divided into two groups. The first group was taught cerebellum by PBL method and the second group was taught cerebrum by PBL method. Cross over method was then applied. Thereafter a theory examination was conducted. A feedback questionnaire was given to the students after the examination. Results: The average score of the students in the PBL group was more than that of the students in the lecture group in 60% questions. The score was same in 20% questions. The score was reverse in 20% of questions. PBL was appreciated and accepted by the students. It can be introduced partly in the existing curriculum.
ABSTRACT
Background- It is very difficult to determine sex of skeleton when pieces of skeletal bones are exhumed Objectives- Thus our study aims at: 1. Finding accuracy of the previously set criteria for sexing of hip bone. 2. To find the validity of other criteria in sexing of hip bone by which sex of the skeleton can be determined from small portion of hip bone. Methods- 200 hip bones of known sex (100 male and 100 females) were studied from various medical colleges. Results and Interpretation- Unpaired 't' test was found to be highly significant when values of true pelvic height in males and females were compared. Similarly, 'p' value was found significant in comparing mid-pubic width in males and females. Mean of distance from ischial tuberosity to farthest rim of acetabulum in males was found to be more than that of the females. Very significant differences were observed in the mean of pubic length and acetabular diameter in females. The index mentioned by Maclaughline and Bruce in 1985 was calculated in males and females. The index showed a value of 100.226 in males and 126.944 in female. Conclusion- Apart from the previously mentioned criteria in hip bone sexing, the study helped to prove the importance of following criteria in hip bone sexing : 1.True pelvic height 2.Mid-pubic width 3.Distance from ischial tuberosity to farthest rim of acetabulum 4.Index mentioned by Maclaughline and Bruce 5.Distance from anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle 6.Distance from anterior superior iliac to iliopubic eminence.