ABSTRACT
Purpose: Lid wiper epithliopathy (LWE) was stuided in symptomatic and asymptomatic dry eye subjects. This is the first such study to be conducted in the Indian population. LWE is a clinical condition associated with vital staining in the lower and upper eyelids on increased friction of the lid margin over to the cornea. Our aim was to study LWE in symptomatic and asymptomatic (control) dry eye subjects. Methods: Out of 96 subjects screened, 60 subjects were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups, symptomatic and asymptomatic dry eye subjects, based on the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores. The subjects were examined to rule out clinical dry eye findings and assessed for LWE with two different dyes (fluorescein and lissamine green). Descriptive analysis was done and Chi?square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 60 subjects were enrolled in a study with a mean age of 21.33 ± 1.88 years, out of which the majority of LWE patients (99.8%) was seen in the symptomatic group than the asymptomatic group (73.3%); the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.00) and also clinically significant. LWE was found to be significantly higher in symptomatic dry eye subjects (99.8%) compared to asymptomatic dry eye subjects (73.3%). LWE severity was also found to be more (56.6% of grade 3) among symptomatic dry eye subjects compared to asymptomatic subjects (40% of grade 2). Conclusion: It is important to assess the lid wiper region (LWR) and treat LWE in routine clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Background: To collect demographic details of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and study type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and risk factors for ADRs to ART and to assess causality, severity, and preventability assessment of the reported ADRs. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for 6 months from January 2012 until June 2012 at ART Center, KR Hospital of Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore. Data were evaluated for patient demography, risk factors for ADRs, type of ADRs. ADRs were also assessed for their causality, severity, and preventability as per the standard algorithm, using SPSS for windows (version 16.0). Results: Out of 158 patients evaluated, majority were of age group of 21-40 years (66.5%). More number of illiterate patients (55.7%) showed ADRs to ART. Most patients were of CD4 count <250 cells/μl (65.82%). Most common regimen which caused ADRs was zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine. Most common type of ADRs was anemia (55.06%) and rash (25.31%). On evaluation of the causality of ADRs, majority were found to be possible (89.24%). The severity assessment showed that most of the patients ADRs were of level 3 (93.05%). The preventability assessment showed that 30.38% patients ADRs were preventable. Conclusion: Identifying risk factors are of crucial importance to optimize the initial choice of ARVs regimen before initiating therapy and to prevent severity and complications caused by ART, thereby improving the quality of care to patients on ART.