Antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteria in surface waters with fecal contamination from urban and rural communities

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Inadequate wastewater treatment and fecal contamination have a strong environmental impact on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study evaluated the profile of AMR enterobacteria and fecal contamination from four surface waters: Jiquiriça-Brejões River and Cabrito, Tororó, and Abaeté Lagoons. METHODS: We analyzed AMR β-lactamase genes using the polymerase chain reaction method and fecal contamination using Coliscan®. RESULTS: We found high levels of fecal contamination, β-lactamase producers, and AMR genes (blaOXA-48, blaSPM, and blaVIM) in all waterbodies. CONCLUSIONS: Poor sanitation evidenced by fecal contamination and human activities around these surface waters contributed to the distribution and increase in AMR enterobacteria.

Prevalence of infection of biomphalaria glabrata by schistosoma mansoni and the risk of urban schistosomiasis mansoni in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Biomphalaria glabrata is considered to be responsible for the incidence of schistosomiasis in Brazil. Therefore, surveillance of areas where schistosomiasis is prevalent is fundamental for public health planning. This study was aimed to evaluate B. glabrata populations in water bodies of the city of Salvador, determine their distribution, estimate the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infections, characterize shed cercariae, and identify transmission foci. METHODS: Malacological surveys were carried out in 17 water collections from Salvador. Snail species were identified based on shell and mantle characteristics. Snails were evaluated for S. mansoni infection by exposure to light and via real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using S. mansoni-18S rRNA subunit specific primers. RESULTS: 1,403 B. glabrata were collected. Classical cercarial shedding indicated that 5 snails (0.4%) were positive for S. mansoni. A higher prevalence of infections was found in Horta de Saramandaia (5.5%) and Lagoa do IAT (1.9%). Non-Schistosoma larvae, such as Xiphidiocercaria, Strigeidae, Spirorchiidae and Clinostomidae, were observed in 3.2% of the snails. S. mansoni DNA was detected in 6.2% snails via qPCR. CONCLUSIONS: B. glabrata is widely distributed in Salvador, as indicated by 7 water collections associated with a risk of schistosomiasis transmission. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify B. glabrata eliminating cercariae of Clinostomidae, Strigeidae, and Spirorchiidae in Salvador. We propose that qPCR may be employed in combination with classical cercarial shedding. Estimating S. mansoni prevalence in snails by only considering the results of light exposure method classical into account may underestimate the problem.

Associação entre déficit de crescimento e retardo maturacional de crianças e adolescentes infectados / Association between stunting and developmental delay in helminth-infected children and adolescents

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do déficit de crescimento sobre o retardo maturacional de crianças e adolescentes com infecção helmíntica. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, em que participaram 1 764 indivíduos de 7 a 17 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, infectados por Schistosoma mansoni isoladamente ou Schistosoma mansoni associado a geohelmintos, residentes na cidade de Jequié (BA). Os participantes foram submetidos a avaliação antropométrica, dos estágios de desenvolvimento puberal e a exame parasitológico de fezes. Foram coletadas informações referentes às condições sanitárias do domicílio e socioeconômicas da família. Optou-se pela análise de regressão logística multivariada para as análises estatísticas de interesse. RESULTADOS: Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram uma prevalência de 15,4 por cento de déficit estatural entre os integrantes do estudo. O déficit de crescimento físico associou-se ao atraso da puberdade (0R=4,01; IC95 por cento1,01-15,8). Esta associação pode ser explicada pelo impacto negativo que a desnutrição exerce sobre a produção de hormônios associados ao crescimento e sobre a produção dos hormônios sexuais. CONCLUSÃO: Estes achados sugerem que as condições inadequadas de nutrição contribuem para o retardo maturacional. Ressalta-se assim, a importância de estratégias de intervenção que possam garantir melhores condições de vida, saúde e nutrição para o desenvolvimento adequado das potencialidades vitais.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the influence of stunting on the developmental delay of helminth-infected children and adolescents. METHODS: The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 1,764 subjects of both sexes from the city of Jequié (Bahia, Brazil), aged 7 to 17 years, infected with helminths (either Schistosoma mansoni alone or associated with associated with geohelminths). All subjects underwent anthropometric and Tanner stage assessment, and stool testing. Data on the family's socioeconomic status and sanitary conditions of the household were also collected. The data was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The results of this study show a prevalence of stunting of 15.4 percent and an association between stunting and pubertal delay (0R=4.01; CI 95 percent 1.01-15.8). The negative impact of malnutrition on the production of both sexual and growth-related hormones may explain this association. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that inadequate nutrition contributes to developmental delay. This shows the importance of intervention strategies that guarantee better living and health conditions and nutrition for proper development.

Relação entre os níveis de vitamina A e os marcadores bioquímicos do estado nutricional de ferro em crianças e adolescentes / Relationship between vitamin A and biochemical markers of iron status in children and adolescents

OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre vitamina A e os marcadores bioquímicos da situação nutricional do ferro. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 178 indivíduos com idade entre 7 e 17 anos, residentes na cidade de Jequié (BA). Os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame de sangue para dosagem de retinol e de marcadores bioquímicos do estado nutricional relativo ao ferro. Além disso, foram realizados exames antropométricos, parasitológico de fezes e coletadas informações de consumo dietético de ferro e das condições sócio-ambiental e domiciliar da família. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão linear múltipla como técnica estatística para avaliar a associação de interesse. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se associação positiva e estatisticamente significante entre os níveis de retinol sérico e a concentração de hemoglobina (p=0,007), ferro sérico (p=0,010) e transferrina saturada (p=0,027). Esses efeitos se mantiveram após ajuste dos modelos pelas variáveis demográficas, infecções parasitárias (Schistosoma mansoni, Trichiura trichuris, Ascaris lumbricoides e ancilostomídeos), consumo de ferro alimentar biodisponível e condições ambientais e domiciliares. CONCLUSÃO: A vitamina A parece contribuir para elevar o ferro orgânico da população, em especial, em áreas onde a deficiência de vitamina A e a anemia coexistem.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to verify the relationship between vitamin A and the biochemical markers of iron status. METHODS: A total of 178 individuals aging from 7 to 17 years participated in this study, all living in Jequié, BA. The individuals were submitted to blood tests to dose retinol and biochemical iron markers. Furthermore, anthropometric measurements and stool analyses were done and dietary information regarding iron intake, socio-environmental and home conditions of the family were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis was done to assess the association of interest. RESULTS: A positive and statistically significant association was found between the levels of serum retinol and hemoglobin (p=0.007), serum iron (p=0.010) and iron-saturated tranferrin (p=0.027). These findings remained unchanged after adjusting the models for demographic variables, parasitic infections (Schistosoma mansoni, Trichiura trichuris, Ascaris lumbricoides and ancylostomiasis), consumption of bioavailable dietary iron and environmental and home conditions. CONCLUSION: Vitamin A seems to contribute to the increase of organic iron of the population, especially in areas were deficiency of vitamin A and iron-deficiency anemia coexist.

The dynamics of dengue virus serotype 3 introduction and dispersion in the state of Bahia, Brazil

By 2002, dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) and DENV-2 had circulated for more than a decade in Brazil. In 2002, the introduction of DENV-3 in the state of Bahia produced a massive epidemic and the first cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Based on the standardized frequency, timing and location of viral isolations by the state's Central Laboratory, DENV-3 probably entered Bahia through its capital, Salvador, and then rapidly disseminated to other cities, following the main roads. A linear regression model that included traffic flow, distance from the capital and DENV-1 circulation (r² = 0.24, p = 0.001) supported this hypothesis. This pattern was not seen for serotypes already in circulation and was not seen for DENV-3 in the following year. Human population density was another important factor in the intensity of viral circulation. Neither DENV-1 nor DENV-2 fit this model for 2001 or 2003. Since the vector has limited flight range and vector densities fail to correlate with intensity of viral circulation, this distribution represents the movement of infected people and to some extent mosquitoes. This pattern may mimic person-to-person spread of a new infection.