Does the different amount of short-acting bronchodilator drugs have different effects on small airway response in bronchodilator test?

PURPOSE: It is recommended to use 200 (2 puffs) or 400 (4 puffs) µg of salbutamol in the bronchodilator response (BDR) test. We aimed to compare the difference between these 2 doses with regard to small airway dysfunction. METHODS: One hundred sixteen subjects who visited the hospital for diagnosis or follow-up of asthma were consecutively enrolled between June 1 and November 31, 2013. The subjects were randomly assigned to the BDR test at the 2 doses (200 or 400 µg of salbutamol), with physicians blinded to the group each subject was assigned to and undertook the BDR test using the spirometry and impulse oscillometry system (IOS). RESULTS: A total of 116 subjects participated in this study; the mean age was 7.8±3.6 years. The number of participants who were assigned to 2 and 4 puffs groups was 59 and 57, respectively. The mean age was older in the 4 puffs group than in the 2 puffs group (P=0.008). There were no significant difference in spirometric and oscillometric parameters between the 2 and 4 puffs groups. However, in subgroup analysis of asthmatic patients on maintenance therapy (n=21), there was a significant difference in relative changes in Rrs5 between the 2 and 4 puffs groups (16.4%±9.6% vs. 28.7%±8.8%, P=0.035). The forced expiratory volume of 1 second showed a significant correlation with resistance in the 2 puffs group and with reactance in the 4 puffs group. CONCLUSION: There was a significant relationship between the amounts of bronchodilators administered and the small airway dysfunction in children with asthma on maintenance therapy. Further research is warranted to delineate changes in spirometric and IOS measures in accordance with the different amounts of bronchodilators administered.

A 22-month-old Boy with Acute Glomerulonephritis Coexistent with Hemolytic Anemia and Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia

Hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia are rare clinical manifestations of acute glomerulonephritis. Initially, in all such cases, a diagnosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, and amyloidosis should be ruled out. The presence of hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia is rare, but possible, in a case of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and may result in delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Correct and timely diagnosis would ensure adequate treatment in such patients. We report of a 22-month-old boy with acute glomerulonephritis coexistent with hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia.

A 22-month-old Boy with Acute Glomerulonephritis Coexistent with Hemolytic Anemia and Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia

Hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia are rare clinical manifestations of acute glomerulonephritis. Initially, in all such cases, a diagnosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, and amyloidosis should be ruled out. The presence of hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia is rare, but possible, in a case of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and may result in delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Correct and timely diagnosis would ensure adequate treatment in such patients. We report of a 22-month-old boy with acute glomerulonephritis coexistent with hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia.

Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and small-airway dysfunction in children with asthma using spirometry and the impulse oscillometry system

PURPOSE: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a maker of airway inflammation, and impedance of low frequency in the impulse oscillometry system (IOS) reflects small-airway obstruction. We investigated the association of the FeNO level with IOS parameters and spirometry results in asthma patients. METHODS: Fifty-eight children with asthma (60.3%, male), mean age 8.3 years (range, 4.5-16.0 years), were enrolled in the study. Reactance and resistance at 5 Hz with IOS, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow 25%-75% of the vital capacity (FEF25%-75%) with spirometry and FeNO were measured in all patients. The Z-score of spirometry and IOS parameters and the mean level of FeNO were used for correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS: FeNO was not significantly associated with height, age, or other demographic parameters. There was a statistically significant correlation between spirometry results and IOS measurements. The FeNO level was not significantly correlated with IOS variables. After adjusting for height, sex, atopic status, and the use of inhaled corticosteroid, the FeNO level showed significant correlations with Z-score of FEV1/FVC (P=0.037, adjusted R 2=0.234). CONCLUSION: FeNO was significantly correlated with Z-scores of FEV1/FVC, but not with IOS variables. Therefore, FeNO may be used to detect whole airway obstruction, but not small-airway obstruction.

Late Preterm Infants' Outcome Born from Mothers with Positive Screening but Negative Diagnostic Test for Gestational Diabetes / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to determine whether late preterm infants from normal oral GTT (glucose tolerance test) but positive GCT (glucose challenge test) mothers are associated with adverse postnatal outcome. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed from singleton infants who were born at 34(+0)-36(+6) weeks between January 2008 and December 2012 and prenatally checked at CHA Gangnam Medical Center. Infants were categorized into three groups according to the results of 50 g oral GCT and 100 g oral GTT; NG group (normal glucose tolerance group, n=603) vs. GIG group (gestational impaired glucose tolerance group; infants of normal oral GTT but positive GCT mothers, n=77) vs. GDM group (gestational diabetes group, n=52). Neonatal outcomes were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: GIG group showed significantly increased incidence of jaundice compared to NG group (9.6% vs. 19.5%, P=0.031). The number of old mothers (> or =35 years at delivery) was significantly higher in GIG group compared to NG group (27.5% vs. 33.8%, P=0.006). After stratification by maternal age, GIG group showed significantly increased respiratory diseases compared to NG group (44% vs. 65.4%, P=0.04). Hypocalcemia and feeding problem increased across the groups (NG vs. GIG vs. GDM; 13.3% vs. 26.9% vs. 32.0%, P= 0.024; 6.0% vs. 11.5% vs. 20.0%, P=0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Late preterm infants of normal oral GTT but positive GCT mothers, especially in older mother, have increased risk of postnatal morbidities such as respiratory distress, jaundice, hypocalcemia or feeding intolerance. Thus, careful follow up may be needed in this group since antepartum period.

Two Cases of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Manifestated with Atypical Symptoms in Newborn Infants / 대한주산의학회잡지

Most of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) cases are diagnosed at prenatal period or immediately after birth with severe respiratory symptom. The classic triad, which is respiratory distress, apparent dextrocardia and a scaphoid abdomen, is usually seen in this period. Several case reports have described older infants and children with a wide spectrum of symptoms of CDH, whereas extremely few cases were reported in neonatal period except classic triad such as straungulation of the bowel. These atypical manifestations can lead physician to delayed diagnosis. We report two cases of CDH newborns. First case was diagnosed with pneumoperitoneum following tension pneumothorax, transient diaphragm eventration on 5 days after birth. The other case was diagnosed with failure to thrive and mediastinal mass on 30 days after birth. These cases suggest physicians to consider CDH in late newborn period with pneumoperitoneum following tension pneumothorax, transient diaphragm eventration, failure to thrive, and mediastinal mass.

Erratum: Late Preterm Infants' Outcome Born from Mothers with Positive Screening but Negative Diagnostic Test for Gestational Diabetes / 대한주산의학회잡지

We would like to correct the author affiliations.