ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of reduced visual information on postural control by comparing low-vision and normal-vision adults in static and dynamic conditions. METHODS: Twenty-five low-vision subjects and twenty-five normal sighted adults were evaluated for static and dynamic balance using four protocols: 1) the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance on firm and foam surfaces with eyes opened and closed; 2) Unilateral Stance with eyes opened and closed; 3) Tandem Walk; and 4) Step Up/Over. RESULTS: The results showed that the low-vision group presented greater body sway compared with the normal vision during balance on a foam surface (p≤0.001), the Unilateral Stance test for both limbs (p≤0.001), and the Tandem Walk test. The low-vision group showed greater step width (p≤0.001) and slower gait speed (p≤0.004). In the Step Up/Over task, low-vision participants were more cautious in stepping up (right p≤0.005 and left p≤0.009) and in executing the movement (p≤0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that visual feedback is crucial for determining balance, especially for dynamic tasks and on foam surfaces. Low-vision individuals had worse postural stability than normal-vision adults in terms of dynamic tests and balance on foam surfaces. .
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Postural Balance/physiology , Vision, Low/physiopathology , Vision, Ocular/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological , Time Factors , Walking/physiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many clinicians and researchers in Brazil consider the Neurological Developmental Exam (NDE), a valid and reliable assessment for Brazilian school-aged children. However, since its inception, several tests have emerged that, according to some researchers, provide more in-depth evaluation of motor ability and go beyond the detection of general motor status (soft neurological signs). OBJECTIVES: To highlight the limitations of the NDE as a motor skill assessment for first graders. METHODS: Thirty-five children were compared on seven selected items of the NDE, seven of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT), and seven of the Visual-Motor Integration test (VMI). Participants received a "pass" or "fail" score for each item, as prescribed by the respective test manual. RESULTS: Chi-square and ANOVA results indicated that the vast majority of children (74 percent) passed the NDE items, whereas values for the other tests were 29 percent (BOT) and 20 percent (VMI). Analysis of specific categories (e.g. visual, fine, and gross motor coordination) revealed a similar outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that while the NDE may be a valid and reliable test for the detection of general motor status, its use as a diagnostic/remedial tool for identifying motor ability is questionable. One of our recommendations is the consideration of a revised NDE in light of the current needs of clinicians and researchers.
CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Muitos clínicos e pesquisadores brasileiros consideram o Exame Neurológico Evolutivo (ENE), um instrumento válido e confiável para crianças brasileiras em idade escolar. Entretanto, desde a sua criação, surgiram outros testes para uma avaliação mais profunda de habilidade motora, os quais vão além de detectar status motor geral em forma de sinais neurológicos leves. OBJETIVOS: Demonstrar os pontos fracos do ENE como teste de avaliação de habilidade motora para crianças de primeira série. MÉTODOS: Trinta e cinco crianças realizaram 7 itens selecionados do ENE, 7 do teste Bruininks-Oseretsky (BOT) e 7 do Visual-Motor Integration Test (VMI), numa sessão única de 30 minutos. Para cada item, os participantes receberam a classificação "êxito" ou "fracasso", como prescrito por cada manual. RESULTADOS: Os testes chi-quadrado e ANOVA indicaram que a vasta maioria das crianças (74 por cento) passaram nos itens do ENE, enquanto os valores para os outros testes foram 29 por cento (BOT) e 20 por cento (VMI). Análises das categorias específicas (fino, visual e motor grosso) revelaram um resultado similar. CONCLUSÕES: Estes dados sugerem que, enquanto o ENE pode ser um teste válido e confiável para detecção de status motor geral, a sua atuação como instrumento diagnóstico e de encaminhamento para identificação de habilidade motora é questionável. Uma das nossas recomendações é a consideração de uma versão do ENE revisada, baseada nas necessidades atuais de profissionais clínicos e pesquisadores.