ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To analyze the prevalence evolution of Guthrie, hearing, and eye screening testing among newborns in Brazil, between 2013 and 2019, according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data from 5231 infants from the Pesquisa Nacional de Saude (PNS), in 2013, and 6637 infants, in 2019, for the Guthrie test, hearing, and red reflex tests. The authors analyzed the outcomes according to the region of residence, self-reported color/race, having health insurance, and per capita household income. By using bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression models, the prevalence ratios and their respective 95 % Confidence Intervals (CI95%) were calculated for each year. Results: In 2013, Guthrie test, hearing, and red reflex tests were performed in 96.5 % (95%CI 95,8;97,0), 65.8 % (95%CI 63,9;67,7), and 60.4 % (95%CI 58,5;62,3) of infants, respectively. In 2019, the prevalence was 97.8 % (95%CI 97,3;98,2) in the Guthrie test, 81.6 % (95%CI 80,3;82,9) in the hearing test, and 78.6 % (95%CI 77,1;79,9) in the red reflex test. The testing frequency was higher among residents of the Southeast and South regions of Brazil, among infants whose mother or guardian was white, had health insurance, and was in the higher income strata; and the most evident differences were in the eye and hearing testing. Conclusions: The coverage inequalities according to the region of residence, income, and having health insurance highlight the need to use strategies that enable exams to be carried out, with more information about their importance, encompassing actions from primary care, prenatal care to the puerperium, aiming at universal access and equity.
ABSTRACT
O ensino da disciplina de Bioética nos cursos de graduação é um tema emergente cuja discussão é imperativa,especialmente na área de ciências da saúde. Em se tratando dos cursos de Odontologia, a maioria das faculdades reconhece a necessidade da formação de um profissional sensível às reflexões éticas na relação com o paciente. Assim, foi realizada uma verificação quantitativa do oferecimento da disciplina de Bioética nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia do Estado de São Paulo, por meio da observação de suas respectivas estruturas curriculares. Os resultados evidenciaram graves lacunas quanto ao ensino da Bioética nas Faculdades de Odontologia paulistas, uma vez que dos 47 cursos pesquisados, apenas quatro a possuem em sua grade curricular. Nestas, a disciplina é ministrada por docentes com inserção na área de Bioética. Em três delas o oferecimento da disciplina se dá a partir da metade do curso e em uma no primeiro ano. Assim, há a necessidade de se incrementar a carga horária ou, na maioria dos casos, de se criar a disciplina de Bioética nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia investigados, de modo que o aluno possa autonomamente refletir e tomar decisões pautado em princípios éticos.
The teaching of Bioethics in undergraduate courses is an issue that needs to be discussed, especially inHealth Sciences. Particularly, in relation to Dentistry, it was verified that the majority of the college programsrecognizes the need to prepare a professional sensible to the ethical reflections about his/her patient. Theaim of this research was to verify the disciplines offered in the Dentistry undergraduate courses at São PauloState, Brazil, through the analysis of their respective curricular structures. The results have highlightedsignificant gaps about Bioethics teaching in Dentistry courses. From the 47 educational courses searchedonly four had this subject in their curricular grade. In these courses these disciplines were ministered byteachers with degree in Bioethics. In three of them, the discipline offered was ministered from the secondgrade onward, and only in one, it was ministered in the first grade. So it is necessary to increase the educationload or, in the majority of the cases, to create the discipline of Bioethics in the Dentistry undergraduatecourses investigated, so that the academics would have autonomy to reflect upon and take decisions basedon ethical principles.