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Background@#Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children around the world. Annually, it’s estimated about total of 120 million cases of pneumonia occur in children under the age of five around the world and about 2 million of them end in mortality. In 2017, respiratory diseases constituted 31.3% of all diseases in children under the age of five in Ulaanbaatar city. 268 cases of respiratory diseases occur in every 1000 children, making it the leading disease in children of that age group. Sonographic examination has several advantages including lack of radiation, accessibility, portable (can easily bring it next to the patient’s bed), cost effective, and can be used repeatedly on the patients. To our knowledge, currently in Mongolia, there are no published research materials on sonographic examination in children with pneumonia. Given, the lack of study, increased rate of pneumonia and advantages of ultrasonographic, the present study was performed to detect lung ultrasound sign of pneumonia and determine the specificity and sensitivity of lung ultrasound and X-ray.@*Methods@#The study used cross-sectional studies of analytical study. 379 inpatient children aged between 1 month to 14 years old who are in the children’s hospital of Bayangol district between 1st of September 2019 to 1st of December 2019 participated in the study. Procedures included collection of questionnaires from the parents or the guardians, random collection of data from the patients’ history, and assessment of results from ultrasound and X-ray examination. The study used Stata software to analyze the statistics.@*Results@#56% or 210 cases showed decreased echogenicity in the ultrasound examination. Incorporated B line sign (р=0.001),, decreased echogenicity in the consolidation (р=0.001), and presence air positive bronchus (р=0.001), are shown to the major sign of pneumonia in ultrasound examination.@*Conclusions@#In pneumonia, following signs are present in lung ultrasound: Unilateral B-lines, consolidation, hypoechoic, irregular shaped consolidation, positive air bronchogramm sign in lung. From the results of our research, we discovered diagnosis sensitivity of pneumonia in ultrasound is 85%, specificity of pneumonia in ultrasound is 87%, sensitivity of pneumonia in Х ray is 78%, specificity of pneumonia in Х ray is 84%.
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There is a little information about weight excess of school materials in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The aim of this study was to study of the weight of backback and the ergonomic effects of backpack carriage on school students in Ulaanbaatar. This cross-sectional study was performed in the city of Ulaanbaatar in 2015. Two hundred fourteen school students participated in study. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used, asking about complaints of neck, shoulders, upper and lower back. Length and weight of the children were determined. Backpacks were weighed and the relative weight of the backpack was calculated.In this study, first and second grades students carried proportionately heavier backpacks than older students and more than 10% of their weight. Musculoskeletal complaints were reported by about 79% of school students. The (relative) weight of backpacks was not related to complaints of neck, shoulders, upper and lower back.
ABSTRACT
Thoracic surgery usually used for anesthesia double lumen endotracheal tubes, then ventilated one lung in NCC of Mongolia The clinical records of the 160 cases patients who had double-lumen endotracheal tubes to place in NCC of Mongolia. In patients during one lung anesthesia done 2012- 2014 were reviewed. All cases were performed high level thoracic epidural catheterization and put double lumen tube for jugular internal vena We are reporting 2012- 2014 anesthesia department at National Cancer Center of Mongolia. In our study involved all 160 open thoracic surgery cases with DLT. In study had anesthesia tidal volume 7.77+1.07ml/kg, one lung volume5.87+0.46 ml/kg, the Mongolian women DLT size 35.43+2.25Fr, deep 27.68+2.47 cm, Mongolian man DLT size 37.09+4.69cm, deep 28.43+2.6 cm. During anesthesia monitored average SpO2-95%+ 1.07,in analyzed arterial blood average SaO2- 92.65 %+ 5.69. (p<0.032) One lung anesthesia separating two lungs by double lumen tube (DLT) – the advantages of the method are allowing surgeons to operate safely in collapsed side of lung; there are a few reports of airway damages. The bronchoscope procedure is in need to use during the all operations in Mongolia. Other types of separation tube are required to be (especially in children) introduced. In the future lungs, esophagus, mediastinal tumors and heart, spine and vascular surgery need double lumen tube to global standards anesthesia widely available in Mongolia. The thoracic anesthesia use double lumen tube outside the epidural anesthesia decided that it can be combined with postoperative pain control. Correct technique of placing the double lumen tube one lung anesthesia surgical team and the shortness of time and the surgical risk patients with post-surgical complications and reduce mortality is of high importance in Mongolia. In our study is a dominant decided that it was linked to smoking habits
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A child’s career aspirations are based on a number of external factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, income, family influence and socioeconomic status. These factors are interrelated and given varying degrees of importance culturally, for example, in the UK, white British parents tend to have high aspirations for their daughters whereas, in Pakistani and Bangladeshi families, daughters are expected to marry, not excel in their education or career. High school students of secondary education in terms of gender, 34432 studentsenrolled in high school who are studying in 46.47% of men and women are 53.52% of the high school, there are changes in the gender disparity. This study is conducted due to Millennium Development Goal 3 is to eliminate gender disparity in education by 2015. This study was conducted among General Education School students of Ulaanbaatar city in 2015. Three hundred twenty four school students participated in this study. The cross sectional study was conducted with 294 high school students.Thirty high school students participated in focus group interview. This study was used qualitative and quantities design.Of the respondents, 47.6% were male and 52.4% female. 79.3% of high school students have chosen a career and 20.7% of high school students have not chosen yet. We are evaluated in career choice with a focus on a gender issue. P = 0.0001 whether there are statistically significant and career choice have different in men and women gender.In this study, 20.7 percent of high school students do not choose career due to a lack of information,do not give the professional advice from the school for them. Thus, schools need to introduce if possible considering the foreign experience, lesson of career choice is reflected in the school curriculum.
ABSTRACT
Goal: Thoracic surgery usually used for anesthesia double lumen endotracheal tubes, then ventilatedone lung.Methods: The clinical records of the 160 cases patients who had double-lumen endotracheal tubes toplace in National Cancer Center of Mongolia (this structure starts from the inferior part of the larynxin the neck, opposite the 6th cervical vertebra, to the intervertebral disc between Th4-5 vertebrae inthe thorax, where it divides at the carina into the right and left bronchi). Inpatients during one lunganesthesia done 2012- and 2014 were reviewed. All cases were performed high Level thoracic epiduralcatheterization and put double lumen tube for jugularinternal vena. Double-lumen endotracheal tubesare not meant for postoperative ventilation. In addition, because of their significantly larger size andstiffness, they have a higher propensity for trauma after insertion, which may result in postoperativehoarseness or vocal cord lesions.Results: We are reporting 2012- 2014 anesthesia department at National Cancer Center. In our studyinvolved all 160 open thoracic surgery cases with DLT. In study had anesthesia tidal volume7.77+1.07ml/kg, one lung volume 5.87+0.46 ml/kg, the women DLT size 33.43+7.25Fr, deep 27.68+2.47 cm, manDLT size 37.09+7.69cm, deep 28.43+2.6 cm. During anesthesia monitored averageSaO2-95%+1.07,in analyzed arterial blood average SpO2- 92.605 %+5.69 (p<0.032).Conclusion: One lung anesthesia separating two lungs by double lumen tube (DLT) – the advantagesof the method are allowing surgeons to operate safely in collapsed side of lung; there are a few reportsof airway damages. The bronchoscopy procedure is in need to use during the alloperations. Other typesof separation tube are required to be (especially in children) introduced.
ABSTRACT
Aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of weight loss intervention in overweight and obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).92 overweight and obese subjects (42 men and 50 women), aged 32-56 years, with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes were enrolled to the prospective cohort study. A 6-month counselingbased intervention was conducted between December 2011 and June 2012. Participants were Mongolian and received education sessions on healthy lifestyle guidelines including nutrition and physical activity in small groups. Before and after intervention, body weight (kg), body fat (%), waist and hip circumferences (cm), blood pressure (mm Hg), fasting blood glucose (mmol/l), HbA1C (%), total cholesterol (mmol/L) and triglyceride (mmol/L) were measured.80 out of 92 (86.9%) overweight and obese patients with T2D (BMI 31.57±4.2) completed weight loss intervention. Results of this study before and after the intervention showed mean body weight 84.41±13.08 vs 80.11±12.42, p<0.0001; BMI 31.57±4.2 vs 29.87±3.72, p<0.0001; waist circumference 104.18±10.51 vs 99.78±8.52, p<0.0001); hip circumference 107.04±8.66 vs 105.38±7.79, p<0.01; WHR 0.96±0.07 vs 0.94±0.05, p<0.0005; body fat 36.19±5.64 vs 34.26±6.57, p<0.0005; systolic blood pressure 133.03±22.5 vs 127.54±17.5, p<0.01; diastolic blood pressure 81.18±13.14 vs 77.61±11.03, p<0.05; fasting blood glucose 11.57±4.06 vs 7.99±2.64, p<0.0001; HbA1C 8.45±2.70 vs 5.95±1.70, p<0.0001; and total cholesterol 3.87±1.05 vs 3.15±0.96, p<0.0001 were improved significantly, except triglyceride 2.11±0.82 vs 1.73±1.8, p=0.0519. Thus results of the study showed an average weight loss of 4.3 kg and a significant decrease in BMI, percent body fat, and waist and hip circumferences, waist to hip ratio at 6 month. Significant reduction found in levels of fasting glucose, HbA1c and total cholesterol in blood after intervention, however no significant change found in blood level of triglyceride. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were reduced significantly.Weight reduction of 5.1% of body weight in overweight and obese subjects with type 2 diabetes by the lifestyle intervention for 6 months resulted in significant reductions in total, abdominal and trunk adiposity and reduced blood pressure and improved glycemic control and dislipidemia.