ABSTRACT
La actual pandemia por COVID-19 está generando un impacto sin precedentes en las distintas esferas de la vida, al mismo tiempo que ha puesto en valor la importancia que la disciplina Bioética tiene para el análisis y la deliberación de los desafíos éticos emergentes, previo a la adopción de decisiones razonables y prudentes. Un tema insuficientemente tratado en el curso de esta crisis, cuyos negativos efectos, se consideran, pueden llevar no sólo a interferir los canales de comunicación con la ciudadanía sino a afectar la adherencia esperada de la población a las indicaciones que se necesita que sigan, es la relativa al manejo y comunicación de la información. Asunto especialmente complejo cuando se vive un período de explosión informativa, caracterizada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como «infodemia¼. Este artículo, reivindicando el imperativo ético y jurídico de actuar responsable en la obtención, uso y difusión de la información que asiste a toda autoridad que desempeña una función social, propone una serie de recomendaciones para alcanzar su efectividad en la práctica.
The current COVID-19 pandemic is producing an unprecedented impact in the different spheres of life, at the same time that it has highlighted the importance that the Bioethics discipline has in analyzing and deliberating of emerging ethical challenges, before making reasonable and prudent decisions. The management and communication of information on this crisis has not been properly addressed, where it is considered that its negative effects may lead not only to interfere with the communication channels with citizens but also affect the expected adherence of the population to the indications that they need to follow. This issue is especially complex when experiencing a period of information explosion, a phenomenon called 'infodemic' by the World Health Organization. This article, claiming the ethical and legal imperative to act responsibly in collecting, using, and disse minating the information that helps any authority that plays a social function, proposes a series of recommendations to achieve its effectiveness in practice.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bioethical Issues , Information Dissemination/ethics , COVID-19 , Bioethics , Communication , Decision Making , Information Dissemination/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
Among structural alterations that can be a risk factor for temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is condylar asymmetry. In order to measure the condylar asymmetry index in panoramic x-rays quantitatively, two methods have been proposed: those of Habets and Kjellberg. The aim of this study was to determine whether the x-ray method of measuring condylar asymmetries in orthopantomographies presents a minor tendency to error due to slight displacements of the head in the horizontal plane. 30 patients between 18 and 25 years of age were assessed. Each of them underwent three panoramic x-rays in three different positions: orthoradial, and at 5 and 10 horizontal angles. Then the Habets and Kjellberg measurements were taken. Habets' technique did not show any statistically significant differences in the x-rays at 5° and 10° horizontal angles compared to the 0 angle. However, Kjellberg's technique showed statistically significant differences only at the 10° angle compared to the 0 angle. The 10° changes produced linear and ratio variations, but the indices did not vary. It was concluded that both methods provide acceptable clinical information within the limitations of these techniques to obtain data on condylar symmetries or asymmetries of the mandibular body or ramus.
Dentro de las alteraciones estructurales que pueden ser un factor de riesgo de desarrollo de un trastorno temporomandibular (TTM) se menciona a la asimetría condilar. Para realizar la medición cuantitativa del índice de asimetría condilar en radiografías panorámicas se han propuesto dos métodos, Habets y Kjellberg. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el método radiográfico de medición de asimetrías condilares en ortopantomografías que presenta menor tendencia al error por leves desplazamientos de la cabeza en el plano horizontal. Se evaluaron 30 pacientes entre 18 y 25 años de edad. Cada uno de ellos se sometió a tres radiografías panorámicas en tres posiciones distintas: posición ortoradia, 5 y 10 de angulación horizontal. Posteriormente, se realizaron las mediciones de Habets y Kjellberg. La técnica de Habets no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las radiografías con 5° y 10° de angulación horizontal con respecto al ángulo de 0. Sin embargo, la técnica de Kjellberg mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas sólo al ángulo de 10° con respecto al ángulo de 0. Las alteraciones de 10° produjeron variaciones lineales y de razones, sin embargo no variaron los índices. Se concluye que ambos métodos entregan información clínica aceptable con las limitaciones que estas técnicas tienen para obtener información sobre simetrías o asimetrías condilares de cuerpo o de rama.
Subject(s)
Young Adult , Mandibular Condyle/anatomy & histology , Mandibular Condyle/abnormalities , Mandibular Condyle/innervation , Mandibular Condyle/ultrastructure , Radiography, Panoramic/methods , Craniomandibular Disorders/congenital , Craniomandibular DisordersABSTRACT
La legislación chilena al definir el rol social de las enfermeras les asigna, entre otras funciones, la "gestión del cuidado" (1997). A partir de la Reforma de la Salud (2004), que establece una nueva Autoridad Sanitaria y Gestión, la "gestión del cuidado", pasa a formar parte de la estructura de los Servicios de Salud. En concordancia, el Reglamento de los Servicios de Salud (2005) y la Norma Administrativa Nº 19, del Ministerio de Salud (2007) entregan las bases orgánicas funcionales de las Unidades de Gestión del Cuidado, para la atención cerrada. No obstante el desarrollo legislativo observado, la expresión "gestión del cuidado", en cuanto función y estructura ha presentado dificultades interpretativas, lo que ha llevado a una confusa socialización del término. Este trabajo pretende ser un aporte en su comprensión.
Chilean legislation defines the social role of nurses and assigns, among other functions, the "management of care"(1997). Since Law No. 19,937 (2004) was dictated, in which a new health Authority and Management is established, the "management of care" is inserted in the structure of health services. The Administrative Norm No. 19, of the Ministry of health (2007) gives guidelines for implementing the management of care units in hospitals. Despite the development of legislation, it appears that the term "management of care" has presented difficulties of interpretation as to its meaning and scope, which has led to a confusing socialization of the term. This paper intends to be a contribution to its understanding.
Subject(s)
Humans , Community Health Nursing/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Care Reform , Legislation, Nursing , ChileABSTRACT
Background: Family is an important protective factor in the prevention of risk behaviors in Chilean adolescents. Aim To determine the prevalence of risk and protective factors and behaviors in Chilean students, and to study the association between family functioning and adolescent risk behaviors. Material and methods: Descriptive cross sectional study of 815 adolescents aged 15 ± 2 years (51 percent male), studying 7th to 12th grade in three educational facilities in Santiago, Chile. They answered the Adolescent Risk Behavior Score, adapted from the Adolescent Health Survey and the "How is your family" survey of the Pan American Health Organization. Results: Tobacco, alcohol and marihuana consumption was reported by 31 percent, 27 percent and 24 percent of students, respectively. Twelve percent reported being sad all the time, 23 percent being desperate and 13 percent being anxious. Forty four percent have had a sexual intercourse. The risk to have these behaviors was greater in adolescents who perceive their families as dysfunctional. Conclusions: In this sample, there was a high prevalence of risk behaviors, emotional symptoms and premature sexual intercourse. The risk of having these behaviors is higher among students who perceive their families as dysfunctional. The study emphasizes the protective function of family in the prevention of risk behaviors in Chilean students.