Avaliação da dor e fatores associados em pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS / Assessment of pain and associated factors in people living with HIV/AIDS / Evaluación del dolor y factores asociados en las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA

Objetivo: avaliar a dor em pessoas que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida e relacionar com fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos, sintomas depressivos e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Método: estudo descritivo, analítico, observacional, de corte transversal e de caráter quantitativo. Participaram trezentas e duas (302) pessoas de um serviço de atendimento especializado. Foram utilizados instrumentos para avaliação de dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, sintomas depressivos e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Empregou-se análise descritiva, bivariada e regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: foram encontrados 59,27% de presença de dor de intensidade leve, recorrente na cabeça, com interferência no humor, a maioria do sexo feminino e em indivíduos sem/baixa escolaridade. As mulheres apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter dores moderadas ou severas. Pessoas de 49 a 59 anos apresentaram maior intensidade de dor do que as de 18 a 29 anos. Sintomas depressivos e dor são variáveis diretamente proporcionais. Quanto maior o nível da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e escolaridade, menor a possibilidade da presença de dor. Conclusão: a presença de dor encontrada é preocupante e possui associação com o sexo feminino, sem/baixa escolaridade, pior nível da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e presença de sintomas depressivos.

Objective: to evaluate pain in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and to relate it to sociodemographic and clinical factors, depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life. Method: descriptive, analytical, observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study. Three hundred and two (302) people assisted at a specialized care service participated in the study. Instruments were used to evaluate sociodemographic and clinical data, depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life. Descriptive, bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were used. Results: the incidence of pain of mild intensity was 59.27%, recurrent in the head, with interference in mood, mostly affecting females and individuals with no schooling/low schooling. Women were more likely to have moderate or severe pain. People aged 49 to 59 years had greater pain intensity than people aged 18 to 29 years. The variables depressive symptoms and pain were directly proportional. The higher the health-related quality of life and schooling, the lower was the possibility of presence of pain. Conclusion: presence of pain is of concern and has association with female sex, lack of schooling/low schooling, worse level of health-related quality of life and presence of depressive symptoms.

Objetivos: evaluar el dolor en las personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y relacionarse con factores sociodemográficos, clínicos, síntomas depresivos y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Método: estudio descriptivo, analítico, observacional, de corte transversal y de carácter cuantitativo. Participaron trescientos y dos (302) personas de un servicio de atención especializado. Se utilizaron instrumentos para la evaluación de datos sociodemográficos, clínicos, síntomas depresivos y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Se empleó el análisis descriptivo, bivariada y regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: se encontró un 59,27% de presencia de dolor de intensidad leve, recurrente en la cabeza, con interferencia en el humor, la mayoría del sexo femenino y en individuos sin/baja escolaridad. Las mujeres presentaron una mayor probabilidad de sufrir dolores moderados o severos. Las personas de 49 a 59 años presentaron mayor intensidad de dolor que las de 18 a 29 años. Los síntomas depresivos y dolor son variables directamente proporcionales. Cuanto mayor es el nivel de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y la escolaridad, menor es la posibilidad de la presencia de dolor. Conclusión: la presencia de dolor encontrado es preocupante y tiene asociación con el sexo femenino, sin/baja escolaridad, peor nivel de la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud y la presencia de síntomas depresivos.

Multiplex TaqMan qPCR assay for specific identification of encapsulated Trichinella species prevalent in North America

BACKGROUND Human trichinellosis is a foodborne parasitic zoonotic disease caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat infected with nematode larvae of the genus Trichinella. In the USA, sporadic cases and outbreaks caused by the consumption of wild game meat infected with Trichinella have been reported. The current methods for diagnosis such as serology and microscopy are not specific, may result in false negative results, and cannot differentiate encapsulated Trichinella larvae to species level. The molecular protocols currently available for the differentiation of all encapsulate Trichinella species prevalent in North America have some limitations such as the inability to identify and resolve the presence of several Trichinella species in a single test. OBJECTIVES/METHODS In this study we developed and evaluated a multiplex TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, which can simultaneously detect, identify and differentiate all species of encapsulated Trichinella occurring in North America i.e., T. nativa, T. spiralis, T. murrelli and Trichinella T6, even in cases of multiple infection in a single sample. We investigated two human biopsies and 35 wild animal meat samples considered as having a high likelihood of harboring Trichinella larvae obtained from the United States during 2009-2017. FINDINGS Using the multiplex assay describe here, 22 (59%) samples that tested positive contained Trichinella spp., were identified as: T. nativa (n = 7, including a human biopsy), T. spiralis (n = 9, including a human biopsy), T. murrelli (n = 3), Trichinella T6 (n = 1). Results also included two rare mixed infection cases in bears, a T. nativa/T. spiralis from Alaska and a T. spiralis/Trichinella T6 from California. The species identifications were confirmed using a conventional PCR targeting the rRNA ITS1-ITS2 region, followed by DNA sequencing analysis. The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was approximately seven larvae per gram of meat. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Differentiation of Trichinella spp. is needed to improve efforts on identification of case, optimize food safety control and better understand the geographic distribution of Trichinella species. The Trichinella qPCR multiplex proved to be a robust, easy to perform assay and is presented as an improved technique for identification of all known encapsulated species occurring in North America continent.

A Case of Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infection Occurring in an Australian Soldier Returned from Solomon Islands

A 26-year-old male member of the Australian Defense Force presented with a history of central abdominal pain of 4 weeks duration and peripheral eosinophilia consistent with eosinophilic enteritis. Acute hookworm disease was diagnosed as the cause. Adult worms recovered from feces after therapy with albendazole were morphologically consistent with Ancylostoma ceylanicum. As the patient had been deployed with the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands for 6 months prior to this presentation, it is very likely that the A. ceylanicum was acquired in Solomon Islands. Until now, it has been assumed that any Ancylostoma spp. recovered from humans in Solomon Islands is A. duodenale. However, this case demonstrates that human hookworm infection acquired in the Solomon Islands could be caused by A. ceylanicum.

Knowledge, attitude and recommendations for practice regarding dengue among the resident population of Queensland, Australia

Objective: To investigate levels of awareness of dengue among the inhabitants of Queensland (QLD), a dengue-prevalent state in the north east of Australia. Methods: A computer-assisted telephone interviewing survey was conducted in mid 2014. A total of 1. 223 randomly selected respondents (≥ 18 years) across QLD completed a structured questionnaire covering all aspects of dengue. Results: 97.55% had heard of dengue and participated further. Among them, 54.70% had travelled overseas (48.11% to dengue-risk countries) in the last five years. A total of 94.47% said transmission is by mosquito bite. In addition, 84.83% knew of current transmission of dengue in QLD, while 80.97% knew the focus is Far North and North QLD. Furthermore, 2.35% and 8.97% had experienced an infection in their life or that of their immediate family/partner, respectively. 85.03% identified correctly at least one means of prevention. A total of 69.72% advised to use insect repellent, wear covered clothing and avoid visiting mosquito-prone areas while 20.93% advised fumigation and clearing water containers around residences. There was a significant difference (P 0.05). Conclusions: Although many people throughout QLD have heard of dengue, about 15% appear unaware of local transmission, its symptoms and of methods to reduce risk of infection. A lack of knowledge regarding prevention of mosquito breeding is evident in South East QLD, where dengue is not currently reported. The study suggests that future dengue awareness campaigns should target communities in both endemic and potentially endemic areas throughout Queensland.

Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths in remote villages in East Kwaio, Solomon Islands

Objective：Although soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are endemic in Solomon Islands, there are few recent reports on their prevalence. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of STH in residents of remote communities in Solomon Islands.Methods：A cross-sectional convenience-sampled survey of residents of four adjacent villages in Malaita, Solomon Islands was performed in Atoifi and Na’au in April 2011 and in Abitona and Sifilo in April 2012. All residents older than one year were invited to participate, which involved providing a single sample of faeces examined using a modified Kato-Katz technique and completing a questionnaire that asked demographic and STH-related behaviour questions.Results：The overall participation rate was 52.8%, with 402 participants comprising 49.8% males. Hookworm was the predominant STH with only a single case of trichuriasis found in Atoifi. The total prevalence of hookworm was 22.6% (95% confidence interval: 18.6–27.1); the prevalence of hookworm in Abitona, Na’au and Sifilo was 20.0%, 29.9% and 27.4%, respectively, whereas in Atoifi it was 2.3% (P < 0.001). Intensity was low in all villages. Although health behaviours differed significantly between Atoifi and the other three villages, the type of toilet used was the only significant association with hookworm.Discussion：Residents of Atoifi have a relative freedom from STH compared to the other three villages. Rather than a region-wide morbidity control approach, a “one village at a time” approach aiming to eliminate STH and dealing with each village as a separate autonomous unit empowered to manage its own challenges may be a preferred option.

Ciência e o conceito de corpo e saúde na Educação Física / Science and the concept of body and health in the Physical Education

O intuito deste estudo é demonstrar um fragmento da discussão epistemológica na educação física e seus reflexos para dois conceitos fundamentais da área: corpo e saúde. A atualidade desta discussão para o campo da educação física mostra-se um desafio aos pensadores deste tema, às vezes tido como “sem relevância” ou “já superado”, por muitos acadêmicos e profissionais. A intervenção profissional da educação física na área da saúde é marcada de maneira hegemônica pelo viés biológico, pautado na racionalidade médica, e de cunho privado e individual; tal visão obsta uma perspectiva globalizante do fenômeno. Assim, propõe-se uma reflexão a partir da ruptura paradigmática perspectivada pela teoria da motricidade humana, cuja singularidade não está no objeto, mas no campo de estudo que pode permitir o entrecruzar de olhares transdisciplinares sobre o próprio fenômeno do corpo e da saúde. Este estudo lançará suas reflexões a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema.

The purpose of this study is showing part of the epistemological discussion in physical education and its consequences concerning two fundamental concepts: body and health. In physical education, this discussion nowadays seems to be a challenge to the thinkers about this subject, which is, sometimes, considered “without relevance” or “done”, by lots of students and professionals. The professional intervention of physical education in the health field is shown in a hegemonic way through the biology, directed according to the medical rationality, being private and individual. That view is opposed to its global perspective. Thus, a reflection is proposed, from a paradigmatic break which takes place through the human motricity theory, whose singularity is not in the object, but in the study field which may allow some relation between the transdisciplinarity when talking about body and health. This reflection in this study will take place from a bibliographic review about the theme.

Did exclusive breast-feeding and early discharge lead to excessive bilirubin levels in newborns in Antigua and Barbuda?

Hyperbilirubinaemia is a common neonatal problem worldwide and is the leading cause of admission to the Special Care Nursery in Antigua and Barbuda. In 1990, the Innocenti Declaration in support of breast-feeding led to the adoption of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in many countries of the Caribbean, including Antigua and Barbuda. Comparing 1989 to the years 1992 to 1994, the Special Care Nursery at Holberton Hospital experienced a 40 increase in newborns admitted with hyperbilirubinaemia (peak total bilirubin > 12 mg/dl or 205 mumol/l). A retrospective review of Special Care Nursery and Maternity Ward records was undertaken to determine the incidence and aetiology of hyperbilirubinaemia from 1992 to 1994. There were 3721 infants born in Antigua and Barbuda in those years, 98 of Afro-Caribbean or mixed ancestry. The overall incidence of peak total bilirubin over 12 mg/dl (205 mumol/l) was 12.5 (466/3721), not inconsistent with the reported incidence of 8 to 20 in other countries. However, the incidence of higher levels of hyperbilirubinaemia in Antigua and Barbuda exceeded those reported for other countries. In Antigua and Barbuda, total bilirubin of 15 mg/dl (255 mumol/l) or higher was found in 263 of 3721 infants (7.1) compared to 5.9 in India and 2 of breast-fed infants in the United States of America (USA). Total bilirubin of 20 mg/dl (340 mumol/l) or higher was seen in 91 of 3721 infants (2.5) exceeding reported prevalence in the USA for both African-American and Caucasian infants (1) and equal to the reported prevalence in Asian infants (2). The possible aetiologies of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates with total bilirubin 18 mg/dl (306 mumol/l) or higher in our patients were investigated. Medical records of 134 of 156 (86) infants having this level of hyperbilirubinaemia were available for review. The possible reason for hyperbilirubinaemia was ABO incompatibility in 4/134 (3), Rh incompatibility in 1/134 (1), prematurity in 12/134 (9) and sepsis neonatorum in 21/134 (16). The hyperbilirubinaemia was idiopathic in 96/134 (71) infants. Newborns in Antigua and Barbuda were discharged 3.7 days after their mothers' admission, with 50 discharged prior to 48 hours of age. Early discharge in developed countries has led to increased readmissions for hyperbilirubinaemia. Following the appointment of a dietitian to supervise breast-feeding, admissions for hyperbilirubinaemia fell by 50 by 1998. These data suggest that exclusive br

Stresses and strains for family members living with drinking or drug problems in England and Mexico

Este trabajo es la primera aproximáción cualitativa al estudio de la salud, las emociones y los estresores relacionados con el uso de drogas en la familia. La comprensión de los aspectos centrales de las experiencias de los familiares que viven con un usuario de alcohol o drogas, y la manera como responden a ello, puede contribuir no sólo con el conocimiento acerca de las estrategias de enfrentamiento, sino también con el papel de la familia en los procesos de cambio. En este sentido, se consideran los aspectos transculturales al explorar y descubrir las variaciones psicológicas de cada cultura que no están presentes en otras. La información proviene de 12 entrevistas inglesas y 12 mexicanas a familiares con características semejantes, y se enfoca en las descripciones de los estresores que han experimentado, sus reacciones emocionales y los signos de estrés físico o mental. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar una descripción detallada, por medio de testimonios, de los estresores y tensiones así como de los posibles vínculos que hay entre ellos. El método principal de recolección de la información que se utilizó en el proyecto fue una entrevista semiestructurada, y la principal estrategia de análisis es cualitativa (Strauss y Corbin, 1990). La hipótesis que surgierón de este trabajo se basan en el hecho de que ciertas experiencias de los familiares son universales en esas circunstancias. Estas experiencias consisten en las repercusiones negativas de vivir con el usuario; el interés por la salud y el desempeño del usuario; las dificultades económicas; los efectos dañinos del consumo en la familia y el hogar; los sentimientos de ansiedad, preocupación, desesperanza, desesperación y depresión; la manera como afecta la salud mental y los síntomas específicos que el familiar atribuye, en parte, al estrés por vivir bajo los efectos de la problemática del consumo de alcohol o drogas. Hay un gran contraste entre la ciudad de México y las áreas del sur de Inglaterra, de donde proceden los participantes ingleses. La cultura de los participantes mexicanos tiende a ser más colectivista, mientras que la cultura inglesa es más individualista. También hubo divergencias en las dimensiones urbano-rural, religioso-secular y católico-protestante