ABSTRACT
Background: Infertility is one of the commonest problems encountered in gynecology. Infertility appears to be a problem in 10-15% of Indian population. Tubal factors account for (20-40%) of infertility. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the role of hystero-salpingography and hystero-laparoscopy in evaluation of tubal factors for female infertility.Methods: Present study was carried out on 70 women attending the gynaecology OPD for investigation of infertility admitted between March 2014 to December 2014 in Gynecology ward, SSG Hospital attached to Government Medical College, Vadodara, Gujarat.Results: Out of 70 patients who underwent HSG tubal block was detected in 34 cases. Out of these 34 cases tubal block was detected only in 17 cases by laparoscopy and chromopertubation. One case which showed patent tubes on HSG had unilateral tubal block on chromopertubation test. Accordingly, sensitivity of HSG for tubal patency comes out to be 0.72, specificity of 0.94, positive predictive value of 97.43%, negative predictive value of 51.61%, positive likelihood ratio of 12.28 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.30.Conclusions: HSG being simple and less invasive technique along with higher specificity and lesser complications. Hystero-laparoscopy is a valuable technique for the complete assessment of female infertility.
ABSTRACT
Background: India is a hyper-endemic zone for malaria. We need tests which can be done easily and are cost effective to assess the severity of the disease and to help in prognostication. CRP is one such investigation which can be used. Aims And Objectives: We carried out this prospective study to find the correlation between the level of CRP and the complications in patients of P.vivax and P. falciparum malaria. Material and Methods: Level of C- reactive protein, was measured in 227 patients of P.vivax and P. falciparum malaria, admitted in GMERS medical college Gotri, Vadodara. It was then compared with single and multiple complications as well as with the duration of hospital stay in both vivax and falciparum patients.Statistical analysis was done using Chi-Square test, unpaired T-test and ROC curve. Results: Out of 227 patients,105(46.2%) had P.vivax and 122(53.7%) had P. falciparum malaria. CRP level was high in all patients. In vivax and falciparum patients with single complications, the mean CRP level was 24+11.6 mg/L and 24.1+6.2 mg/L respectively. Both types of malaria with multiple complications showed very high levels, 69.6 + 14.1mg/L in P.Falciparum and 71.6 + 6.5mg/L in P.vivax patients. Elevated CRP level (41.5 mg/L) also predicted a prolonged hospital stay. Conclusion: Our study corroborates the observation that high CRP level has a strong prognostic value for predicting the complications in malaria.