ABSTRACT
The vaccine Bacillus of Calmette Guérin (BCG) was originally developed in France as an oral vaccine against tuberculosis. The oral use of this vaccine was replaced by the parenteral route in almost all countries after the Lubeck disaster. In contrast, Brazil retained the oral delivery of the vaccine until the mid-seventies when it was replaced by the intradermal route. This change in route of delivery was mainly secondary to pressure by medical practitioners based on the poor responses of oral immunized subjects to purified protein derivative (PPD) skin tests. Even after the change of route of delivery, Ataulpho de Paiva Foundation continued making the oral vaccine. Currently, BCG Moreau has been described as one of the most immunogenic and with fewer side effects than other BCGs. The genomics, proteomics and vaccine trials for oral BCG Moreau Rio de Janeiro are currently under investigation. In this review, we intend to describe the history of BCG Moreau Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control , Vaccination/history , BCG Vaccine/history , Brazil , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/historySubject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections , AIDS Vaccines , Brazil/epidemiology , HIV-1 , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & controlSubject(s)
HIV , HIV Antigens , HIV-1 , Molecular Epidemiology , Polymorphism, Genetic , Brazil , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Patients with secondary immunodeficiencies are at a high risk of infection. Currently some of these infections are preventable through specific immunization. Prevention of these diseases can diminish morbidity and mortality amongst these patients. In this review we describe the use of vaccines in persons with secondary immunodeficiencies.