A influência de cultivares de amoreiras adubadas sobre características biológicas e produtivas do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L) / The influence of mulberry cultivation with fertilizers on biological characteristics and production performance in silkworm (Bombyx mori L) / La influencia de los cultivares de moreras con abono bajo características biológicas y productivas del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L)

A cultura da amoreira (Morus alba L.) é essencial para a manutenção dos barracões de criação do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.). A qualidade nutricional das folhas relaciona-se diretamente com a produção dos casulos, e consequentemente na renda final do produtor. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da adubação química e orgânica, sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas de amora de três diferentes genótipos quanto a caracteres biológicos e produtivos de bicho-da-seda. Para isso, foi aplicado adubo químico NPK, esterco de galinha e uma testemunha para cada um dos genótipos avaliados. Foram coletadas informações referentes à biomassa fresca, biomassa seca das amoreiras, peso e comprimento da lagarta, peso da glândula sericígena, peso e teor de seda dos casulos. A cultivar FM 86 apresentou maior desempenho produtivo, independentemente do tipo de adubação. Os caracteres biológicos e produtivos foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, no entanto, a variável que apresenta maior importância econômica, o teor líquido de seda nos casulos obteve médias estatisticamente semelhantes entre os genótipos de amoreiras submetidas aos diferentes tratamentos.

The mulberry culture (Morus alba L.) is essential to silkworm rearing (Bombyx mori L.). The nutritional quality of the leaves relates directly in the cocoons production and, consequently in the final income of the producer. This work aims to evaluate the influence of the chemical and organic manure on the development from three mulberry genotypes and, consequently, the importance of each genotype on the biological and productive characters of the commercial hybrid silkworm. For this, it was used chemical fertilizer NPK, chicken manure and a witness for each one of the evaluated genotypes. The collected data were: fresh biomass and dry biomass of the mulberry, the silkworm mature larval weight and corporal size, silk gland and cocoon weight and raw silk percentage. The genotype FM 86 was the most productive with both, chemical and organic fertilizer. The silkworm biological and productive characters were influenced by the treatments; however, the most important economically variable, the raw silk percentage, did not show averages statically significant among the different cultivars and or the treatments.

El cultivo de morera (Morus alba L.) es esencial para el mantenimiento de los barracones de creación del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L.). La calidad nutricional de las hojas se relaciona directamente con la producción de los capullos, y consecuentemente en la renta final del productor. Esta investigación tiene por objeto evaluar la influencia de la fertilización orgánica y química, sobre el desarrollo de las plantas de morera de tres genotipos diferentes cuanto a rasgos biológicos y productivos del gusano de seda. Para eso, se aplicó el fertilizante NPK, estiércol de pollo y un control para cada uno de los genotipos evaluados. Hemos recopilado informaciones sobre la biomasa fresca, biomasa seca de las moreras, peso y longitud de la oruga, peso de la glándula sericígena, peso y contenido de los capullos de seda. La cultivar FM 86 presentó mayor desempeño productivo, independientemente del tipo de fertilización. Rasgos biológicos y productivos se han influenciados por los tratamientos, sin embargo, la variable que presenta mayor importancia económica es el contenido líquido de seda en los capullos, que obtuvo porcentaje estadísticamente similar entre los genotipos de moreras sometidas a diferentes tratamientos.

Sequence and analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

This study aimed at the sequence and analysis of the mtDNA control region (CR) of the Diatraea saccharalis. The genome PCR amplification was performed using the complementary primers to the flanking regions of Bombyx mori CR mitochondrial segment. The sequencing revealed that the amplified product was 568 bp long, which was smaller than that observed for B. mori (725 bp). Within the amplified segment, a sequence with 338 nucleotides was identified as the control region, which displayed a high AT content (93.5%). The D. saccharalis mtDNA CR multiple sequence alignment analysis showed that this region had high similarity with the Lepidoptera Cydia pomonella.

A broca da cana, Diatraea saccharalis pertence à família dos lepidópteros. A presença da larva pode ser extremamente destrutiva, chegando a inviabilizar a atividade canavieira, causando prejuízos consideráveis à agroindústria sucro-alcooleira. Atualmente a broca da cana vem sendo extinta da plantação por métodos de controle biológico, entretanto a evolução desses programas depende de maiores conhecimentos básicos da biologia molecular deste inseto. O estudo do segmento do genoma mitocondrial denominado região controle é amplamente utilizado em análises genéticas e filogenéticas em insetos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi sequenciar e analisar a região controle do genoma mitocondrial de Diatraea saccharalis. Esse segmento apresentou 338 nucleotídeos, menor que o observado em Bombyx mori, com conteúdo de 93,5% de A/T. As analises realizadas mostraram que Diatraea saccharalis apresenta 76% de similaridade com Cydia pomonella.

Amplificação por PCR da região controle do DNA mitocondrial de raças de bombyx mori / Bombyx mori mitocondrial DNA control region amplification by PCR / Amplificación por pcr de la región control del dna mitocondrial de razas de Bombyx mori

A sericicultura é uma importante atividade agroindustrial no Brasil, sendo o Estado do Paraná responsável por aproximadamente 90% de toda a produção nacional. A localização de marcadores genéticos para o bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.) é importante para a diferenciação intra e interespecífica e para o uso em melhoramento genético da espécie, sendo o DNA mitocondrial (DNAmt) um dos marcadores genéticos mais utilizados no estudo de insetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi amplificar a região controle do DNA mitocondrial de quatro raças de Bombyx mori, pela técnica de Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Obteve-se a amplificação de um fragmento de aproximadamente 750 pb referente à região controle, demonstrando a eficiência da metodologia empregada para a amplificação desta região específica do DNAmt de Bombyx mori.

Sericulture is an important agro industrial activity in Brazil, mainly in Paraná State, that is responsible for 90% of the national production. For the genetic improvement of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), it is necessary to develop techniques to amplify molecular markers in order to use it on genetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been widely used as a molecular marker for insects and provides suitable markers for studies on genetic variability and molecular characterization. The control region is the major non-coding region of animal mtDNA and has been responsible for providing important evolutionary data about many insect groups. The aim of this paper was to amplify the mtDNA control region of four Bombyx mori strains by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A 750 bp fragment including the control region was amplified showing the efficiency of the methodology to amplify specific regions of the Bombyx mori mtDNA.

La sericicultura es una importante actividad agroindustrial en Brasil, siendo el Estado del Paraná responsable por aproximadamente 90% de toda la producción nacional. La localización de marcadores genéticos para el gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L.) es importante para la diferenciación intra e interespecífica y para el uso en mejoramiento genético de la especie, siendo el DNA mitocondrial (DNAmt) uno de los marcadores genéticos más utilizados en el estudio de insectos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue amplificar la región control del DNA mitocondrial de cuatro razas de Bombyx mori, por la técnica de Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Se obtuvo la amplificación de un fragmento de aproximadamente 750 pb referente a la región control, demostrando la eficiencia de la metodología empleada para la amplificación de esta región específica del DNAmt de Bombyx mori.

Transferability and use of microsatellite markers for the genetic analysis of the germplasm of some Arachis section species of the genus Arachis

The Arachis section is the most important of the nine sections of the genus Arachis because it includes the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea. The genetic improvement of A. hypogaea using wild relatives is at an early stage of development in spite of their potential as sources of genes, including those for disease and pests resistance, that are not found in the A. hypogaea primary gene pool. Section Arachis species germplasm has been collected and maintained in gene banks and its use and effective conservation depends on our knowledge of the genetic variability contained in this material. Microsatellites are routinely used for the analysis of genetic variability because they are highly polymorphic and codominant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transferability of microsatellite primers and the assay of genetic variability between and within the germplasm of some species of the Arachis section. Fourteen microsatellite loci developed for three different species of Arachis were analyzed and 11 (78 percent) were found to be polymorphic. All loci had transferability to all the species analyzed. The polymorphic loci were very informative, with expected heterozygosity per locus ranging from 0.70 to 0.94. In general, the germplasm analyzed showed wide genetic variation.

Heterologous microsatellite primer pairs informative for the whole genus Arachis

The genus Arachis currently comprises 69 described species, some of which have potential and real value as human and animal foods. These Arachis species have been collected and maintained in germplasm banks to provide material that can be used as sources of genes in breeding programs and for the selection of new cultivars. One of the principal objectives of germplasm conservation is the evaluation of genetic variability, which is best conducted using molecular markers. We investigated the use of heterologous primers to amplify microsatellite loci that could be used to evaluate genetic variability in Arachis germplasm. Fifteen microsatellite primer pairs were tested in 76 accessions of 34 species from the nine Arachis sections. The data indicated that heterologous primers were very useful in Arachis since they had high transferability among the species (91 percent) and allowed the amplification of very polymorphic putative loci, which allowed both the characterization of most accessions and to make inferences about the mating systems of some species analyzed. Our data also revealed that the germplasm analyzed showed high variability, even when represented by few accessions.