Condición corporal en caballos de rodeo chileno de élite: estudio preliminar / Body condition in elite Chilean rodeo horses: preliminary study

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la condición corporal de caballos de rodeo chileno de élite en competencia. Se eligieron al azar 48 caballos raza chilena (15 hembras, 24 machos enteros y 9 machos castrados) participantes del 64° Campeonato Nacional de Rodeo Chileno. La condición corporal de cada caballo se evaluó por inspección visual y palpación según el sistema de Henneke. El rendimiento deportivo se registró como clasificados o no clasificados en la final del campeonato. Se construyeron tablas de frecuencia para la condición corporal por género y por rendimiento deportivo, se calcularon modas como descriptores de tendencia central y se comparó la condición corporal por género y rendimiento deportivo mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0,05). La condición corporal presentó una moda de 7, con un rango de 5 a 8. El 87,5% de los caballos tenía condición corporal entre 6 y 7 y se detectó un 6,3% de individuos obesos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en relación al género ni rendimiento deportivo. Este es el primer estudio que reporta la condición corporal en caballos de rodeo chileno de élite y los resultados sugieren que los valores más frecuentes para esta variable en la raza están entre 6 a 7 puntos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of body condition score for elite Chilean rodeo horses in competition. Forty-eight Chilean breed horses (15 mares, 24 stallions and 9 geldings) were randomly chosen for evaluation while participating at the 64th National Championship of Chilean Rodeo 2012. Body condition score for each horse was assessed by visual inspection and palpation according to the Henneke system. The sport performance was recorded as qualified or not qualified to the final round of the competition. Frequencies of body condition score were tabulated according to gender and according to sport performance of the horses. Modes were calculated as central tendency measurements and body condition score was compared between gender and sport performance groups by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). The mode of the general body condition score had a value of 7, with range between 5 and 8. 87.5% of the horses had body condition score between 6 and 7 points and 6.3% of them exhibited obesity. No significant differences were found both for gender and sport performance. This is the first study reporting body condition score in Chilean élite horses and results suggest that in the breed the most frequent value for this variable lies between 6 and 7 points.

Pros y contras percibidos de la actividad física realizada por adultos mayores / Perceived pros and cons of physical activity by older adults

INTRODUCCION: La práctica de actividad física regular es una de las prioridades en salud pública para incrementar el bienestar y la calidad de vida especialmente en la tercera edad. Esta práctica depende de varios factores entre otros las experiencias previas de la conducta y la valoración de las ventajas y desventajas que tiene su realización. Propósito: Conocer los pros (ventajas) y Contras (desventajas) percibidos del ejercicio físico en adultos mayores. METODOLOGÍA: En este estudio se utilizó el balance decisional (Prochaska y Di Clemente1997). Se aplicó la aproximación cualitativa con muestreo teórico y análisis de contenido en una muestra de 15 participantes. Resultados: Estos mostraron tres categorías: Pros de la actividad física construida a partir de las subcategorías: mejorar la salud física y emocional e incrementar las relaciones interpersonales. La segunda categoría: Contras se construyó a partir de las subcategorías ambientales ocupaciones enfermedades y ser cuidadores de otras personas y una tercer categoría identificada se construyó con las razones para realizar la actividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Los pros y contras señalados por los participantes pueden ser la clave para el diseño de estrategias de programas de salud encaminados a incluir la actividad física en el adulto mayor.

Introduction: The practice of regular physical activity is one of the priorities in public Health to increase the well-being and the quality of life especially in the third age. This practice depends on several factors, among others the previous experiences of the conduct and evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages upon achievement. Purpose: Acknowledge pros and cons detected on physical exercise on older adults. Methodology: In this study the decisional balance (Prochaska and Di Clemente,1997) was used. The qualitive approach was applied by theoretical sampling and analysis of content sampling 15 participants. Results: They showed this categories: Pros of the physi cal activity, built from the subcategories: To improve the physical and emotional health and to increase the interpersonal relations. The second category, cons was formed from environmental Subcategories: Occupations, diseases and to carers of others persons and a third Identified category was the reasons of physical activity. Conclusions: The pros and cons distinguished by the participants can be the key for the strategic health programs design aimed to include physical activity on major adults.

Association of loss of heterozygosity with cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

Deletions on chromosomes 5 and 7 are frequently seen in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is assumed that these deletions indicate loss of tumor suppressor genes on these chromosomes and until these tumor suppressor genes are identified, the functional consequences of these deletions and the molecular basis of these myeloid disorders cannot be completely understood. We evaluated loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 44 patients (18 MDS and 26 AML, diagnosed according to WHO classification criteria) at diagnosis, using a four-microsatellite marker panel: an intragenic marker on the 7th intron of gene IRF-1 of the 5q31.1 region and three markers located inside the 7q31.1 region and correlated the LOH with karyotype abnormalities. The microsatellites chosen corresponded to chromosome regions frequently deleted in MDS/AML. The samples with Q (peak area) less than or equal to 0.50 were indicative of LOH. The percent of informative samples (i.e., heterozygous) for the intragenic microsatellite in gene IRF-1 and in loci D7S486, D7S515 and D7S522 were 66.6, 73.7, 75.5, and 48.8 percent, respectively. Cytogenetic abnormalities by G-banding were found in 36 percent (16/44) of the patients (2 of 18 MDS and 14 of 26 AML patients). We found a significantly positive association of the occurrence of LOH with abnormal karyotype (P < 0.05; chi-square test) and there were cases with LOH but the karyotype was normal (by G-banding). These data indicate that LOH in different microsatellite markers is possibly an event previous to chromosomal abnormalities in these myeloid neoplasias.

Minimization of transcriptional temporal noise and scale invariance in the yeast genome

The analysis of transcriptional temporal noise could be an interesting means to study gene expression dynamics and stochasticity in eukaryotes. To study the statistical distributions of temporal noise in the eukaryotic model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we analyzed microarray data corresponding to one cell cycle for 6200 genes. We found that the temporal noise follows a lognormal distribution with scale invariance at the genome, chromosomal and sub-chromosomal levels. Correlation of temporal noise with the codon adaptation index suggests that at least 70% of all protein-coding genes are a noise minimization core of the genome. Accordingly, a mathematical model of individual gene expression dynamics was proposed, using an operator theoretical approach, which reveals strict conditions for noise variability and a possible global noise minimization/optimization strategy at the genome level. Our model and data show that minimal noise does not correspond to genes obeying a strictly deterministic dynamics. The natural strategy of minimization consists in equating the mean of the absolute value of the relative variation of the expression level (alpha) with noise (eta). We hypothesize that the temporal noise pattern is an emergent property of the genome and shows how the dynamics of gene expression could be related to chromosomal organization.

The Candida albicans AAA ATPase homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rix7p (YLL034c) is essential for proper morphology, biofilm formation and activity of secreted aspartyl proteinases

Proper morphology is essential for the ability of Candida albicans to switch between yeast and hyphae and thereby sustain its virulence. Here we identified, by differential screening, a novel C. albicans AAA ATPase encoding gene, CaYLL34 (RIX7), with enhanced expression in hyphae. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that CaYLL34 belongs to a [quot ]VCP-like[quot ] subgroup of AAA ATPases essential for yeast viability and contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal. Inactivation of one copy of CaYLL34, by the URA-Blaster method, generated the heterozygous mutant strain M61. This strain has severe phenotypic alterations, such as a highly increased vacuole, abnormal cell shape and reduced growth in different conditions. Also, major pathogenicity factors are affected in M61, for instance, a significant decrease of hypha formation (>90%), surface biofilm adhesion (86%) and secreted aspartyl proteinase activity (76.5%). Our results show that the partial impairment of CaYll34p cellular levels is sufficient to affect the proper cellular morphology and pathogenicity factors and suggest that this protein is required for biogenesis of ribosomal subunits. Accordingly, we propose that the product of CaYLL34 could be tested as a novel target for antifungal drugs.

Primoinfección por citomegalovirus en embarazadas de diferente condición socioeconómica / Primary infection by cytomegalovirus in pregnancy women of different socioeconomic conditions

Cytomegalovirus infection is the first cause of viral congenital infections. We studied the incidence of primary cytomegalovirus infection, searching for the presence of antibodies with an ELISA technique, in 939 pregnant women of a low socioeconomic level, attending a public outpatient clinic and 123 pregnant university students, attending a special outpatient clinic for students. The initially seronegative women were tested again during the second and third trimester of pregnancy to identify primary infections. The presence of cytomegalovirus congenital infection in the newborn of infected mothers was investigated isolating the virus in cell cultures from urine samples. There was a higher prevalence of infection among low socioeconomic status women (95 vs 69.9 per cent). Two women (one student and one coming from a low socioeconomic status) had a primary infection and in the newborn of the student, a congenital cytomegalovirus infection was detected. It is concluded that women's socioeconomic condition is not risk factor for cytomegalovirus primary infection during pregnancy

Carcinoma escamoso invasor superficial de la vulva / Superficial invasive scamous carcinoma of the vulve

Se presenta la experiencia del Consultorio de Patología Vulvar del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, sobre el carcinoma escamoso vulvar invasor superficial, durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1967 y abril de 1992. Se estudiaron ocho pacientes, cuya edad promedio era de 57,1 años. El diagnóstico se confirmó histopatológicamente en todos los casos. Tres de las enfermas fueron sometidas a vulvectomía total simple; a otras 3 se les practicó vulvectomía total con linfadenectomía inguinocrural bilateral, en forma clásica, mientras que las dos restantes fueron tratadas mediante vulvectomía simple en un caso y parcial en otra y en ambas linfadenectomía inguinal bilateral por incisiones separadas. El estudio histopatológico de la biopsia reveló en el 50 por ciento de los casos, concomitancia de carcinoma intraepitelial en la vecindad del carcinoma microinvasor. El seguimiento de nuestras pacientes osciló entre 2 y 25 años, con un promedio de 10,5 años. Se constató recidiva de carcinoma intraepitelial de la vulva en una de ellas, a los 2 años 8 meses después de haber sido sometida a vulvectomía total con linfadenectomía inguinocrural bilateral y luego a los 8 años. En otra paciente, se comprobó un carcinoma anal, 20 años después de la vulvectomía

Carcinoma escamoso intraepitelial de la vulva 1972-1989 / Squamous carcinoma of the vulva intraepithelial 1972-1989

Se presenta nuestra experiencia sobre carcinoma escamoso entraepitelial de la vulva, basado en el estudio de 20 casos diagnosticados clínica e histopatológicamente en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, entre diciembre de 1972 y octubre de 1989. La edad de las enfermas varió entre 30 y 78 años con una edad promedio de 57,6 años. En tres casos se comprobó clínica e histopatológicamente infección concomitante por virus papiloma (15%). Diez y siete pacientes fueron sometidos a vulvectomía total simple (94,5%). No hubo mortalidad operatoria y el seguimiento osciló entre tres meses y once años, con un promedio de 6,5 años, comprobándose recidiva de la enfermedad en dos pacientes (11,1%) de las 18 tratadas

Carcinoma verrucoso de la vulva / Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva

Se comunica un caso de carcinoma verrucoso vulvar (CVV) desarrollado en una paciente de 71 años que consultó en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, en diciembre 1987. Se comentan las características macroscópicas y el comportamiento clínico de esta neoplasia, basados en nuestra experiencia y la de la literatura. Se discuten los aspectos terapéuticos vinculados a este tumor. Se menciona la posible relación entre el CVV y la infección por virus Papiloma Humano

Liquen escleroso de la vulva: experiencia de los últimos 12 años / Lichen sclerosus of the vulva: experience of the latest 12 years

Se presenta la experiencia del consultorio de Patología Vulvar del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, sobre liquen escleroso de la vulva, la que abarca desde 1976 a 1987. Durante este lapso se diagnosticaron 34 casos nuevos de esta enfermedad, evaluándose los resultados del tratamiento con propionato de testosterona y fluocortolona a lo largo de un seguimiento promedio de 3,2 años. Once de las treinta y cuatro pacientes, se controlaron por medio de biopsias vulvares. Comprobándose en dos casos mejoría histológica de las lesiones. No se observó tendencia a la malignización en ninguna de las pacientes estudiadas