Morphological and morphometric analysis of Psoas Minor Muscle in cadavers

The Psoas Minor Muscle is considered inconstant and it’s often absent. This muscle consists of a short proximal fixation tendon originated from the sides of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, first lumbar vertebra and corresponding intervertebral disc, continuous with a short spindle-shaped morphology muscular venter, ending with a long distal fixation tendon inserted in the pectineal line of the pubis and iliopectineal eminence. Due to the lack of information in liteature regarding Psoas Minor muscle’s morphology and morphometry, this study aimed to obtain more detailed information about the muscle in order to expand knowledge of its morphology and morphometry. In order to perform this study, it was used as work material 30 cadaver parts of lower limbs belonging to the anatomical specimens’ collection of Federal Rural University of Pernambuco and Federal University of Pernmabuco. It was found in this study, an absence percentage of Psoas Minor Muscle around 73%. The muscles analyzed did not show any anatomical variation and presented as morphometric characteristics a proximal tendon with average length of 18.11 mm, a muscular venter with average of 71.25 mm for your lenght and a lenght for a distal tendon with average of 150.97 mm. This study confirms the literature’s descriptions, demonstrating the inconstancy of Psoas Minor Muscle and, in our results, it did not show any morphological changes related to its proximal or distal fixation, and to its muscular venter. However, our results showed unpublished data related to width and thickness of the muscle venter of the Psoas Minor.

Impacto da desnutrição e do treinamento aeróbico moderado sobre a estrutura da parede arterial de ratos em processo de envelhecimento / Impact of malnutrition and moderate aerobic training on the structure of arterial wall in aging rats

Foram avaliadas as repercussões tardias da desnutrição multicarencial imposta no período de aleitamento e os possíveis efeitos e/ou alterações tanto do processo de envelhecimento como do treinamento físico aeróbio moderado sobre o diâmetro luminal e a área da túnica média da parede das artérias carótida comum esquerda, aorta horizontal e aorta torácica de ratos em processo de envelhecimento. Vinte e quatro ratos machos, Wistar, foram separados de acordo com a dieta e o treinamento físico em: GNS - nutrido sedentário, GNT - nutrido treinado, GDS - desnutrido sedentário e GDT - desnutrido treinado. Aos 10 meses, o GNT e o GDT foram submetidos ao treinamento, em meio aquático, durante oito semanas. Em seguida, os ratos foram anestesiados, sacrificados e, posteriormente, foram coletados fragmentos arteriais para o processamento histológico. A área da túnica média foi mensurada através da diferença entre as áreas externa e interna da parede arterial e o diâmetro luminal foi mensurado a partir da média de dois diâmetros medidos a partir de quatro pontos marcados na camada interna do vaso. A área da túnica média apresentou redução na aorta horizontal quando comparamos os grupos GNS x GDS (p = 0,015) e um aumento da artéria carótida comum esquerda entre os grupos GNT e GNS (p < 0,001). A aorta torácica apresentou um aumento do diâmetro luminal ao compararmos o GDS com o GDT (p= 0,041). Tanto a desnutrição multicarencial induziu alterações parciais na parede aorta horizontal, como também o treinamento físico foi capaz de promover mudanças na área da túnica média da artéria carótida comum esquerda e no diâmetro luminal da aorta torácica.

We evaluated the late effects of malnutrition multicarencial imposed during lactation and the possible effects and / or changes to both the aging process as of moderate aerobic training on the luminal diameter and the tunica media area of the left common carotid artery, horizontal aorta and thoracic aorta of rats in the aging process. Twenty-four Wistar rats male were separated according to diet and physical training: GNS - Nourished Sedentary Group, GNT - Trained Nourished Group, GDS - Malnourished Sedentary Group and GDT - Malnourished Trained Group. At 10 months, the GNT and GDT were submitted to TAM, in water for 8 weeks. Then the mice were anesthetized and sacrificed and the arterial fragments were collected for histological processing. The area of the tunica media was measured by the difference between external and internal areas of the arterial wall and luminal diameter was measured from the average of two diameters measured from four points marked on the inner layer of the vessel. The area of tunica media decreased in the horizontal aorta when compared the groups GNS x GDS (p = 0.015) and increased in left common carotid artery between the groups GNS and GNT (p = <0.001). The thoracic aorta showed an increase in luminal diameter when comparing the GDS with the GDT (p = 0.041). Both malnutrition multicarencial induced partial changes in the horizontal aorta wall, as well as the physical training was able to promote changes in the tunica media area of the left common carotid artery and luminal diameter of the thoracic aorta.

Morfometria del Acromion y sus Implicancias Clínicas / Morphometry of Acromion and its Clinical Implications

Estudios previos demostraron que la morfología del acromion y sus respectivas relaciones con el tubérculo supraglenoideo y el proceso coracoides, son de fundamental importancia en la determinación del espacio subacromial. Las variaciones de estas estructuras pueden provocar el principio del síndrome del impacto, también conocido como síndrome del pinzamiento del espacio subacromial. Sin embargo, se observa la falta de relatos en la literatura sobre los diferentes padrones morfométricos del acromion. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer un padrón morfométrico del acromion, a través de la determinación de su largo, grosor y proyección anterior, además de determinar su relación con el proceso coracoides y el tubérculo supraglenoideo. Fueron analizadas 60 escápulas (37 derechas y 23 izquierdas) de individuos adultos, de la colección de piezas óseas del Departamento de Anatomía de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil. Con la ayuda de un paquímetro y una cinta métrica de perimetría fueron realizadas medidas del largo, grosor y proyección anterior del acromion y también de las distancias del acromion al tubérculo supraglenoideo y al proceso coracoides. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: largo del acromion: 4,96cm + 0,46 (74%); grosor: 0,72cm + 0,1 (72%); proyección anterior: 4,llcm + 0,42 (67%); distancia entre el acromion y el tubérculo supraglenoideo: 2,95cm + 0,35 (67%); distancia entre el acromion y el proceso coracoides: 3,8cm + 0,52 (64%). No observamos variaciones entre las escápulas derechas e izquierdas. El análisis morfométrico del acromion debe ser utilizado como base auxiliar para los estudios, procurando un mejor conocimiento de las patologías que existen en esa región.

Previous studies demonstrated that the morphology of the acromion and its respective relations with the uppermost point of the glenoid and the coracoid process is very important in the determination of subacromial space. The variations of these structures can predispose the beginning of the Impingement Syndrome. However, there is a shortage of reports on hterature about the different acromion's morphometric samples. The purpose of this study was to determine a morphologic pattern of the acromion, through the determination of its length, thickness, front projection, and its relation with the uppermost point of the glenoid and the coracoid process. We used 60 scapulae (37 right and 23 left) of adults from Departamento de Anatomia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil. To measure the length, thickness and front projection of acromion, and the distances from acromion to the uppermost point of the glenoid and to the coracoid process were used a calipers and a tape measure. We found these results: acromion length: 4.96cm + 0.46 (74%); thickness: 0.72cm + 0.1 (72%); front projection: 4.11cm + 0.42 (67%); distance between acromion and the uppermost point of the glenoid: 2.95cm + 0.35 (67%); distance between acromion and coracoid process: 3.8cm + 0.52 (64%). We did not find differences between right and left scapulaes. The morphometric analysis of the acromion should be used like an auxiliary basis to studies that promote a better knowledge about the disease that appear in this area.