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1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 110(3): 363-368, 05/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-745971

ABSTRACT

Congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi is a global problem, occurring on average in 5% of children born from chronically infected mothers in endemic areas, with variations depending on the region. This presentation aims to focus on and update epidemiological data, research methods, involved factors, control strategy and possible prevention of congenital infection with T. cruzi. Considering that etiological treatment of the child is always effective if performed before one year of age, the diagnosis of infection in pregnant women and their newborns has to become the standard of care and integrated into the surveillance programs of syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus. In addition to the standard tests, polymerase chain reaction performed on blood of neonates of infected mothers one month after birth might improve the diagnosis of congenital infection. Recent data bring out that its transmission can be prevented through treatment of infected women before they become pregnant. The role of parasite genotypes and host genetic factors in parasite transmission and development of infection in foetuses/neonates has to be more investigated in order to better estimate the risk factors and impact on health of congenital infection with T. cruzi.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Chagas Disease/congenital , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Genotype , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Trypanosoma cruzi
2.
Pan Afr. med. j ; 12(16): 1-8, 2012. tab
Article in French | AIM | ID: biblio-1268410

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Beaucoup d'enfants vivant avec le VIH ont été infectés par leurs mères. Pour prévenir la transmission verticale les femmes doivent d'abord connaître leur statut sérologique VIH .L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la proportion de statut VIH inconnu à la naissance et d'identifier les facteurs associés. Méthodes: C'est une étude transversale réalisée dans 10 structures sanitaires de Lubumbashi de Juin à Septembre 2010. La taille de l'échantillon était de 602 accouchées. Les statistiques descriptives usuelles et la régression logistique ont été utilisées. Résultats: Parmi les accouchées, 52,5 % ignoraient leur statut sérologique. Parmi elles, 62,9 % accepteraient de faire le test VIH à la maternité. La proportion des femmes avec un statut sérologique VIH inconnu était significativement plus élevée chez celles qui n'avaient pas suivi de CPN (Odds Ratio ajusté (ORa) = 5,8; Intervalle de Confiance (IC) 95 % : 1,7-19,8) ; chez celles qui avaient un bas niveau d'instruction (ORa = 1,5 ; IC 95% : 1,1-2,1) et chez celles qui ne savaient pas que la transmission verticale du VIH pouvaient se faire au moment de l'accouchement (ORa = 1,5 ; IC 95 % : 1,0-2,4). Conclusion: La proportion de femmes qui accouchent sans connaître leur statut sérologique au VIH est encore importante, malgré le fait que le dépistage du VIH soit proposé lors des CPN. Dans les zones à haute séroprévalence de VIH, aucune femme ne devrait accoucher sans être dépistée au VIH. Ce serait une opportunité manquée


Subject(s)
Democratic Republic of the Congo , Knowledge , Postpartum Period , Women
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 68(1): 48-54, ene.-feb. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633514

ABSTRACT

Argentina y Uruguay están entre los países con mayor proporción de mujeres jóvenes fumadoras. Se desconoce cuál es la proporción exacta de ellas que fuman durante el embarazo así como las características de las que dejan de fumar y las que continúan fumando durante el embarazo. Realizamos una encuesta administrada por un/a entrevistador/a a 1512 mujeres embarazadas de 18 años o mayores (796 en Argentina; 716 en Uruguay), que concurrían a control prenatal en hospitales públicos de grandes conglomerados urbanos. 44% de las mujeres en Argentina y 53% en Uruguay habían sido o eran fumadoras. Durante el embarazo, 11% de las mujeres en Argentina y 18% en Uruguay continuaron fumando. En ambos países, la proporción de mujeres que vive con fumadores, permite fumar en el hogar y regularmente o siempre se encuentra en lugares cerrados con personas que estén fumando fue 49%, 46% y 20% entre las mujeres que nunca fumaron, 67%, 60% y 32% entre las que dejaron, y 78%, 75% y 52% entre las que continuaron fumando respectivamente. El estudio confirma un importante problema de salud pública y documenta que la exposición ambiental persiste en subgrupos de mujeres, aun en aquéllas que dejaron de fumar. Es importante que el sector de salud pública provea acceso a programas efectivos para dejar de fumar durante el embarazo. Cualquier nueva intervención a desarrollar que intente tener un éxito al menos moderado y sostenible, debiera incluir componentes que actúen sobre el entorno fumador de la mujer embarazada que fuma.


Argentina and Uruguay are among the countries in which a large proportion of young women smoke. The rate of smokers during pregnancy in both countries is not well known, and data on the characteristics of women who quit smoking during pregnancy compared to those who continue smoking are not available. We conducted a survey including 1512 pregnant women >18 years old (796 in Argentina; 716 in Uruguay), during antenatal visits in public hospitals of large urban regions; 44% of the women in Argentina and 53% in Uruguay had been or were regular smokers. 11% of the surveyed women in Argentina and 18% in Uruguay continued smoking during pregnancy. In both countries, the proportion of women who lived with smokers, allowed smoking at home, and were regularly or always exposed to tobacco smoke indoors, were 49%, 46% and 20% in the subgroup of women who never smoked, 67%, 60% and 32% in those who quit, and 78%, 75% and 52% in those who continued smoking, respectively. The study confirms a serious public health problem in both countries, and documents that environmental exposure persists in subgroups of women, even in those who quit smoking. It is important that the public health sector should provide access to effective programs for smoking cessation, to women who smoke during pregnancy. For the development of a new program, any intervention intending to have at least a moderate and sustainable success, it should seriously consider including components targeting the smoking environment of the pregnant women who smoke.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Maternal Welfare , Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/epidemiology , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Argentina/epidemiology , Nicotine/analysis , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Saliva/chemistry , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/psychology , Urban Population , Uruguay/epidemiology
4.
Salud pública Méx ; 32(6): 673-684, nov.-dic. 1990. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-98972

ABSTRACT

Se revisaron los datos disponibles sobre la cobertura de la atención prenatal en América Latina. En la comparación de las coberturas recientes de atención prenatal entre los países resalta que sólo Bolivia tuvo una cobertura menor al 50 por ciento, mientras que en Chile, Cuba, República Dominicana y Puerto Rico las coberturas de atención prenatal son superiores al 90 por ciento. En relación con las tendencias en el tiempo, se encontró que las coberturas de atención prenatal aumentaron entre los años setenta y ochenta en la República Dominicana, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, México y Perú, mientras que disminuyeron en Bolivia y Colombia. En Cuba y Puerto Rico, aumentó el número de promedio de consultas prenatales. El aumento de la atención en Guatemala y Honduras se debe al aumento relativo del papel de las parteras empíricas, con respecto a las instituciones. Se compararon los datos más recientes sobre la vacunación antitetánica de las embarazadas con los datos más recientes de atención prenatal. Se observa que las tasas de vacuna antitetánica siempre son mucho más bajas que las de atención prenatal, excepto en Costa Rica. En Bolivia, Guatemala y Perú las tasas de vacunación son menores a la mitad de las tasas de atención prenatal. Mejorar el contenido de la atención debe ser objetivo paralelo al aumento de los servicios prenatales.


Available data on the coverage of prenatal care in Latin America were reviewed. In recent years, only Bolivia had a coverage of prenatal care of less than 50 per cent. More than 90 per cent of pregnant women received prenatal care in Chile, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Prenatal care increased between the 1970 and 1980 in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Hon­duras, Mexico, and Peru. The coverage of prenatal care decreased in Bolivia and Colombia. The mean number of visits increased in Cuba and Puerto Rico. The increase of prenatal care in Guatemala and Honduras is due to increased care by traditional birth attendants, compared to the role of health care institutions. We compared the more recent data on tetanus immunization of pregnant women to the more recent data on prenatal care. The rates of tetanus immunization are always lower than the rates of prenatal care attendance, except in Costa Rica. The rates of tetanus immunization was less than half as compared to the rates of prenatal care in Bolivia, Guate­mala, and Peru. To improve the content of prenatal care should be an objective complementary to the increase of the number of attending women.


Subject(s)
Perinatal Mortality , Latin America , Prenatal Care , Tetanus Toxoid/immunology , Maternal Mortality
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