Parâmetros zootécnicos e desenvolvimento da moela de frangos de corte em dietas de sorgo grão e a inclusão de carotenoides / Zootechnical parameters and gizzard development of broilers fed with sorghum grain and carotenoid supplementation

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do milho pelo sorgo grão, moído ou inteiro, e a inclusão de carotenoides sintéticos em rações de frangos de corte, sobre parâmetros zootécnicos e desenvolvimento da moela. Utilizaram-se 960 frangos, machos e fêmeas, da linhagem Cobb 500, que foram submetidos a quatro dietas: à base de milho (M), à base de sorgo moído (SM) ou ainda acrescido de carotenoides sintéticos (SMC) e à base de sorgo inteiro (SI). Foram avaliados peso vivo, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e cortes, peso de moela. A ração de SI proporcionou maior desenvolvimento de moela, embora, aos sete dias, não tenha havido diferenças no peso vivo e na conversão alimentar entre as dietas. SM e SMC proporcionaram maiores valores de peso vivo aos 28 dias do que SI. As conversões alimentares real e tradicional aos 40 dias foram semelhantes para as rações de sorgo, com um melhor rendimento de carcaça em SM e SMC. O sorgo moído pode substituir integralmente o milho nas rações para frangos de corte, sem comprometimento de desempenho e rendimento de carcaça, e, na forma grão inteiro, é zootecnicamente viável.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of corn with ground or whole grain sorghum and the inclusion of carotenoids in broiler feed on zootechnical parameters and gizzard development. A total of 960 Cobb 500 broilers, half of each sex, were submitted to four feeds: ground corn (M), ground sorghum (SM) ground sorghum with carotenoid supplementation (SMC) and whole grain sorghum (SI). Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion, carcass and cuts yield, gizzard weight were evaluated. SI feed provided a greater development of gizzard, however at 7 days there were no differences in body weight and feed conversions between diets. SM and SMC provided higher values of body weight at 28 days than SI feed. Feed conversion at 40 days were the same for the sorghum feeds with a better carcass yield in SM and SMC. Ground sorghum can completely replace corn in broiler diets without compromising performance and carcass yield, and whole grain sorghum is zootecnaly viable.(AU)

Subjective time under altered states of consciousness in ayahuasca users in shamanistic rituals involving music

Ayahuasca is described as a hallucinogenic substance whose property is to alter the subjective experience of time and impair the perception of the passage of time during stimuli of more than two to three seconds. The dose-dependent effects of two concentrations of ayahuasca in the ritualistic context were investigated employing temporal reproduction tasks in participants experienced in shamanistic ayahuasca rituals. The study was conducted on nine healthy volunteers who ingested two doses of ayahuasca at two times during a ritual session. The doses of each session, consumed in amounts ranging from 20 to 60 mL, were either of low concentration or of experimental ayahuasca according to a double-blind procedure. Participants performed the task of immediately listening and reproducing, with a laptop, 20-s musical stimuli during the session. The results showed that significant temporal distortion was triggered by the musical stimulus presented without the ingestion of ayahuasca, with means of 16.33 to 16.52 s. There were minor temporal distortions after ingestion of ayahuasca: a mean of 17.91 s for control ayahuasca and of 18.38 s for experimental ayahuasca. These results with less temporal distortion among participants with ayahuasca intake disagree with other studies of hallucinogens involving temporal reproduction.

Efeito de diferentes tempos de exposição ao calor e de linhagens sobre o rendimento de carcaça e a composição química de peito de frangos de corte / Effect of different timing of exposure to heat and strains on the carcass yield and breast chemical composition of broiler

Investigaram-se os efeitos de diferentes tempos de exposição ao calor sobre o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e vísceras comestíveis e a composição química da carne de peito de frangos de corte de duas linhagens. Foram alojados 560 pintos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500 Slow® e 560 da Hubbard Flex® em 32 boxes. A partir do 14º dia, eles foram divididos nos ambientes térmicos: controle, uma hora, duas horas ou três horas diárias de estresse por calor. O rendimento de carcaça, peito sem osso, coxa e sobrecoxa com osso, asas, pés, fígado, moela e coração foi avaliado em seis aves de cada linhagem em cada ambiente térmico. Amostras foram obtidas para analisar matéria seca, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta e matéria mineral. O estresse cíclico por calor por até três horas diárias não influenciou o rendimento de carcaça, de peito sem osso, de coxa e sobrecoxa, de asa, de coração, de moela, de fígado e a composição química do peito. A linhagem Cobb 500 Slow® apresentou maior rendimento de peito. A Hubbard Flex® apresentou peito com maior percentual de matéria mineral e proteína. A linhagem Cobb é mais indicada à produção de peito, e a linhagem Hubbard à produção de frango inteiro.(AU)

The effects of different exposure periods under heat on the carcass yield, cuts and edible organs and breast chemical composition of broilers from two strains were investigated. Five hundred and sixty Cobb 500 Slow® and 560 Hubbard Flex® broiler chicks were housed in 32 pens and from the 14th day on, they were divided in thermal environments: control, 1 hour, 2 hours or 3 hours a day under heat stress. Carcass yield, boneless breast, thigh and drumstick with bone, wings, feet, liver, gizzard and heart were evaluated in six birds of each strain in each thermal environment. Samples were obtained to assess dry matter, ether extract, crude protein and mineral matter. The cyclic heat stress for up to three hours a day did not influence 33 the carcass yield, boneless breast, thigh and drumstick, wing, heart, gizzard, liver, and the breast chemical composition. Cobb 500 Slow® strain had higher breast yield. Hubbard Flex® had breast with higher percentage of mineral matter and protein. Cobb strain is best designed to breast production, and Hubbard is best for whole chicken production.(AU)

Reinforcement omission effects in rats with bilateral lesions in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area

Reinforcement omission effects (ROEs) are characterized by higher response rates after reinforcement omission than after reinforcement delivery. This pattern of behavior is interpreted in terms of motivational and attentional processes. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex are involved in ROE modulation. Also, the literature has demonstrated a role of other areas such as substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in processes related to surprising events, such as prediction error and presentation or omission of an event (exteroceptive stimulus and reinforcement). Since these structures send projections to areas related to ROE modulation such as the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex, the objective of the present study was to determine whether the SNc and VTA also integrate the circuit involved in ROE modulation. Rats were trained on a fixed-interval 12 s with limited-hold 6 s signaled schedule of reinforcement (Pre-lesion training). After acquisition of stable performance, the rats received bilateral neurotoxic lesions of the SNc (Experiment 1) and VTA (Experiment 2). Following postoperative recovery, the rats were submitted to two refresher sessions (Post-lesion training). Subsequently, the training was changed from a 100 to a 50% schedule of reinforcement (Post-lesion testing). In both experiments, the results showed that there was no difference in performance between sham rats and rats with bilateral lesions of the SNc or the VTA.

Manipulating Greek musical modes and tempo affects perceived musical emotion in musicians and nonmusicians

The combined influence of tempo and mode on emotional responses to music was studied by crossing 7 changes in mode with 3 changes in tempo. Twenty-four musicians aged 19 to 25 years (12 males and 12 females) and 24 nonmusicians aged 17 to 25 years (12 males and 12 females) were required to perform two tasks: 1) listening to different musical excerpts, and 2) associating an emotion to them such as happiness, serenity, fear, anger, or sadness. ANOVA showed that increasing the tempo strongly affected the arousal (F(2,116) = 268.62, mean square error (MSE) = 0.6676, P < 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, the valence of emotional responses (F(6,348) = 8.71, MSE = 0.6196, P < 0.001). Changes in modes modulated the affective valence of the perceived emotions (F(6,348) = 4.24, MSE = 0.6764, P < 0.001). Some interactive effects were found between tempo and mode (F (1,58) = 115.6, MSE = 0.6428, P < 0.001), but, in most cases, the two parameters had additive effects. This finding demonstrates that small changes in the pitch structures of modes modulate the emotions associated with the pieces, confirming the cognitive foundation of emotional responses to music.

Operant serial feature-positive conditional discrimination with composite features and different topography responses

In a serial feature-positive conditional discrimination procedure the properties of a target stimulus A are defined by the presence or not of a feature stimulus X preceding it. In the present experiment, composite features preceded targets associated with two different topography operant responses (right and left bar pressing); matching and non-matching-to-sample arrangements were also used. Five water-deprived Wistar rats were trained in 6 different trials: X-R arrow right Ar and X-L arrow right Al, in which X and A were same modality visual stimuli and the reinforcement was contingent to pressing either the right (r) or left (l) bar that had the light on during the feature (matching-to-sample); Y-R arrow right Bl and Y-L arrow right Br, in which Y and B were same modality auditory stimuli and the reinforcement was contingent to pressing the bar that had the light off during the feature (non-matching-to-sample); A- and B- alone. After 100 training sessions, the animals were submitted to transfer tests with the targets used plus a new one (auditory click). Average percentages of stimuli with a response were measured. Acquisition occurred completely only for Y-L arrow right Br+; however, complex associations were established along training. Transfer was not complete during the tests since concurrent effects of extinction and response generalization also occurred. Results suggest the use of both simple conditioning and configurational strategies, favoring the most recent theories of conditional discrimination learning. The implications of the use of complex arrangements for discussing these theories are considered.

The time course of ethanol tolerance: associative learning

The effect of different contextual stimuli on different ethanol-induced internal states was investigated during the time course of both the hypothermic effect of the drug and of drug tolerance. Minimitters were surgically implanted in 16 Wistar rats to assess changes in their body temperature under the effect of ethanol. Rat groups were submitted to ethanol or saline trials every other day. The animals were divided into two groups, one receiving a constant dose (CD) of ethanol injected intraperitoneally, and the other receiving increasing doses (ID) during the 10 training sessions. During the ethanol training sessions, conditioned stimuli A (tone) and B (buzzer) were presented at "state +" (35 min after drug injection) and "state -" (170 min after drug injection), respectively. Conditioned stimuli C (bip) and D (white noise) were presented at moments equivalent to stimuli A and B, respectively, but during the saline training sessions. All stimuli lasted 15 min. The CD group, but not the ID group, developed tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol. Stimulus A (associated with drug "state +") induced hyperthermia with saline injection in the ID group. Stimulus B (associated with drug "state -") reduced ethanol tolerance in the CD group and modulated the hypothermic effect of the drug in the ID group. These results indicate that contextual stimuli acquire modulatory conditioned properties that are associated with the time course of both the action of the drug and the development of drug tolerance.

Influência das propriedades de granulados de lactose nas características físicas dos comprimidos / Influence of properties of lactose granules on the physical characteristics of tablets

As propriedades físico-químicas dos excipientes podem predominar nas características físicas do sistema sólido particulado e influenciar decisivamente o comportamento de compactação, já que, muitas vezes, estes se apresentam em proporções muito maiores que o fármaco nas formulações de comprimidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tamanho degranulados de lactose nas características físicas decomprimidos obtidos em diferentes diâmetros de punção, uma vez que tal relação não tem sido exploradana literatura. Granulados de diferentes tamanhos foram produzidos por via úmida e compactados em punções de diferentes diâmetros por aplicação de diferentes forças. Avaliou-se distribuição granulométrica, densidade aparente e fluxo dos granulados e características físicas dos comprimidos (peso, dureza, friabilidade e tempo de desintegração). Os resultados indicam que para os comprimidos produzidos em punções de 7mm de diâmetro, situação em que há predomínio das características do excipiente em razão da baixa dose do fármaco, a seleção do tamanho dos grânulos torna-se fundamental para a resistência mecânica do compacto. Por outro lado, foi possível obter comprimidos de maiores dimensões, punções 9, 11 e 13mm, a partir de grânulos de todos os tamanhos estudados.

The compaction behavior of powdered solids used in tablets can be dominated by the physical-chemical properties of the excipients because, frequently, they are present in much larger amounts than the drug in tablet formulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate theinfluence of the size of lactose granules on the physical characteristics of tablets produced in punches of various diameters, since this relation has not been explored in the literature. Granules were produced in several sizes by wet granulation and compressed in punches of different diameters by applying different forces. Size distribution, apparent density and flow of granules were evaluated, as well as the physical characteristics of the tablets (weight, friability, hardness and disintegration time). The results indicate that in situations where excipient characteristics predominate due to low drug content, as in the 7 mm punch, the selection of granule size is important for the mechanical strength of tablet. On the other hand, with the 9, 11 and 13mm punches, it was possible to produce strong tablet from all sizes of granules.

Comparison of Pavlovian serial conditional discrimination in rats and hamsters in the same experimental situation

The present study compares behavioral changes between two distinct rodent groups, hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and Wistar rats, when submitted in the same homogeneous experimental situations to a serial conditional discrimination procedure which involves water deprivation and the processing of temporal variables. Both hamsters and rats acquired serial positive conditional discrimination as indicated by higher frequencies of magazine-oriented behavior during the tone followed by reinforcement (T+) and preceded by the feature stimulus light (L) and during the empty interval, than during the tone alone not followed by reinforcement (T-). Rats' frequencies of magazine-oriented behavior were high during T+ and T-, initially during training, and decreased during T- as the training progressed. However, the hamsters' frequencies of magazine-oriented behavior started very low and increased only during T+ as the training progressed. Comparison of the frequencies of magazine-oriented behavior during the empty interval in relation to the frequencies during the preceding L period showed that rats' frequencies remained very high and hamsters' frequencies increased during training. These results suggest that rats and hamsters have different behavioral strategies for the acquisition of a conditional discrimination. The results of the comparisons made in these experiments support the view of the importance of an ecological psychology approach to the understanding of complex learning in animals

Avaliação farmacognóstica da própolis da região de Maringá / Pharmacognostic evaluation of propolis in the region of Maringá

Os autores propõem procedimentos para estabelecer o controle de qualidade da própolis. Para tanto, foram adaptadas e executadas técnicas farmacopéicas e/ou desenvolvidas técnicas novas. Foram estabelecidos perfis dos teores de flavonóides, de ceras, de substâncias voláteis totais (através da perda por dessecação) e de cinzas totais. Os valores obtidos para as amostras de própolis estudadas, coletadas em um apiário-escola, foram comparados com os de própolis adquiridas no mercado. Foi estabelecido, ainda, o perfil destes parâmetros para amostras de própolis coletadas nos diferentes locais da colméla, no periodo de três anos, com coletas de inverno e verão. Os teores de flavonóides variaram entre 2,05 - 5,52 por cento.

The aim of this work was to establish a control quality methodology for propolis. For that, techniques were carried out as described in pharmacopoeias, or adapt from it. Moreover it developed new techniques. It was used propolis collected in the school apiary. Profiles of flavonoids, waxes, total volatile substances and total ashes were determined in propolis collected in different places of bees' hive. The results obtained from this propolis were compared with commercial propolis. Flavonoid drift values obtained from apiary school were established in the range between 2.05-5.52 percent.

Transtornos do sono e suas relaçöes com as funçöes cognitivas / Sleep disorders and cognitive dysfunctions

É feita uma revisäo sobre o sono, sua arquitetura normal e as relaçöes existentes entre esta atividade, a memória e as funçöes cognitivas. As hipóteses que vinculam a memória ao sono REM e ao sono näo-REM säo avaliadas quanto à possível funçäo "consolidadora" desta atividade sobre a memória recente e aprendizado. Condiçöes de transtorno de sono ou situaçöes de supressäo de sono REM ou näo-REM que podem alterar as funçöes cognitivas säo criticamente analisadas. O papel desempenhado pela hipoxemia cerebral em condiçöes como a apnéia de sono é revisto quanto às disfunçöes cognitivas e seu retorno à normalidade uma vez que seja instituído tratamento eficaz. As correlaçöes entre narcolepsia, memória e cogniçäo säo também analisadas. As disfunçöes mnêmicas e cognitivas causadas por hipnoindutores, benzodiazepínicos e antidepressores säo revistas e discutidas

A ética na pesquisa clínica / Ethics in clinical research

A pesquisa médica envolvendo "anima nobile" está presa, desde a declaração de Helsinque, a um conjunto de normas, regulamentações nacionais, resoluções e portarias específicas. É imprescindível proficiência neste emaranhado de exigências e suas relações com a ética médica, para correta execução de qualquer projeto de pesquisa clínica. Os autores revisam os aspectos importantes da legislação, sua confluência com o bem estar e segurança dos pacientes que aceitam participar destes projetos, analisando os riscos e benefícios, análise correta dos dados por todos os participantes da equipe que, necessariamente, devem conhecer não só os pormenores legais como avaliar os efeitos benéficos, a importância do efeito placebo, as reações indesejáveis ou adversas, o que irá influenciar indelevelmente os resultados finais e determinar a utilidade da pesquisa realizada

Déficits atentivos e antidepressores / Attention deficits and antidepressants

Os autores apresentam alguns conceitos de atençäo, os sistemas neuroanatômicos envolvidos, comentando estudos onde foram observados déficts atentivos na depressäo e o comprometimento cognitivo-atentivo ocasionado por diferentes classes de antidepressores

Estudo aberto comparativo de eventos adversos no tratamento com citalopram e fluoxetina / Comparative open trial adverse reactions during treatment with citalopram or fluoxetine

88 pacientes com depressäo maior ou depressäo maior e distimia foram avaliados de forma aberta quanto "a incidência e gravidade de eventos adversos durante o uso de citalopram (52,3 por cento) ou fluoxetina (40, 9 por cento) ou cada uma das drogas sequencialmente (6,8 por cento). 38 pacientes relataram a ocorrência de eventos adversos, sendo 14 no grupo citalopam e 24 no grupo fluoxetina, diferenças quanto ao sexo dos pacientes. Um número significativamente menor de pacientes interrompeu o uso de citalopram quando comparado a fluoxetina por motivos relacionados ao aparecimento de eventos adversos. Os resultados sugerem maior tolerabilidade do citalopram quando comparado à fluoxetina

Valoración de la válvula mucosa intestinal en la atresia de las vías biliares / Valuation of intestinal valve in biliary atresia

Con el objeto de evitar los episodios de colangitis luego de la portoenteroanastomosis de Kasai, se han desarrollado diferentes tipos de válvulas intestinales. El motivo de este trabajo es analizar la utilidad de la válvula intestinal mucosa simple en el conducto bilioentérico en un grupo de niños con atresia de vías biliares y tratados entre 1990 y 1993 con la intervención de Kasai sin derivación externa, 16 enfermos consecutivos fueron incluidos en un protocolo prospectivo y randomizado. Los paciente fueron divididos en dos grupos: grupo 1, pacientes tratados con la intervención de Kasai (n=10) y grupo 2 pacientes tratados con la intervención de Kasai mas válvula mucosa yeyunal. En ambos grupos analizamos la edad de interveción flujo biliar episodios de colangitis , función hepática y evolución clínica.En este estudio no encontramos diferencias significativas en ninguno de los parámetros estudiados, por lo cual creemos que la válvula no aporta beneficios ni perjuicios en cuanto a la prevención de las colangitis

Depressöes e antidepressores / Depressions and antipressants

Säo revistas as principais hipóteses neuroquímicas que tentam oferecer explicaçöes etiopatogênicas para as depressoes endógenas. Os prováveis mecanismos de açäo das substâncias antidepressoras säo discutidos dentro de perspectivas clínicas sendo apontados os fatos näo explicados por tais mecanismos de açäo, entre eles o período de latência para apariçäo de efeitos terapêuticos com o emprego clínico de antidepressores. As novas hipóteses apresentadas e que correlacionam a sensibilidade de receptores com o uso prolongado de antidepressores säo também avaliadas. Com a análise dos possíveis de açäo dos antidepressores atípicos (de segunda geraçäo), tenta-se fusäo entre as primeiras hipóteses bioquímicas com as recentes descobertas nesse campo de pesquisa, de modo a se obter um mecanismo de açäo comum que venha permitir melhores conhecimentos sobre a etiopatogenia das depressöes endógenas

Influence of stimulus preexposure and of context familiarity on conditioned freezing behavior

1. This paper reports an experiment examining the influence of context on latent inhibition using conditioned freezing behavior as an index. 2. Two groups of 8 Wistar rats (290-320 g) were placed in one chamber (Context 2) and either exposed 7 times or not to a sound stimulus (68 dB, 90 s). Two additional groups of 8 rats received the same stimulation in a different environment (Context 1). Next, each rat was required to form a sound-shock (0.2 mA, 1.5 s) association (20 trials) in Context 2. Freezing behavior was measured both during sound (CS) presentation and during an equal period of time immediately preceding the CS. 3. When the test environment was familiar, the conditioning of fear was greater in the non-preexposed than in the CS-preexposed group. Acquisition of conditioned freezing was intermediate when the test environment was unfamiliar, irrespective of CS preexposure. 4. These results further support the context specificity of latent inhibition. In addition, they suggest that novelty interferes with sound-shock associations

Tratamento farmacológico de depressöes resistentes: emprego de fluoxetina como terapêutica associada ou de substituiçäo / Pharmacologic treatment of resistant depressions: employ of fluoxetine as associated therapy or in substitution

Säo apresentados os resultados referentes a 20 pacientes acometidos de depressäo refratária tratados com a fluoxetina como medicaçäo substitutiva ou de associaçäo. Oitenta e cinco por cento dos pacientes apresentaram melhora significativa e os efeitos colaterais foram perfeitamemte tolerados pela amostra em estudo. Säo discutidos os conceitos de depressäo resistente e o papel de novos antidepressores serotoninérgicos no seu manuseio terapêutico e conclui-se ser a fluoxetina uma alternativa válida para o tratamento de depressöes cronificadas

Emprego da escala de ansiedade da AMDP-AT em ambulatório: resultados preliminares / Use of AMDP-AT anxiety scale in ambulatory: preliminary studies

Säo apresentados os resultados preliminares obtidos com o emprego da escala de ansiedade da AMDP-AT em um grupo de 86 indivíduos divididos em dois subgrupos iguais, sevindo um como controle e sendo o outro constituído por pacientes com diagnóstico de transtornos generalizados de ansiedade (DSM III-R). Os dados obtidos premitem uma avaliaçäo correta do instrumento revelando suas principais vantagens: a. fácil aplicaçäo; b. excelente capacidade discriminativa, separando corretamente a populaçäo controle do grupo de pacientes; fácil entendimento pela populaçäo alvo, podendo ser empregado sem esforço, tanto do aplicador como do entrevistado; c. a escala de ansiedade da AMDP-AT apresenta um grau de confiabilidade semelhante ao existente para outras escalas. Devido sua origem européia, exibe uma apresentaçäo culturalmente mais aproximada de nossa realidade psicossocial que as escalaes oriundas de países anglo-saxônicos

O aspecto da psiquiatria biológica: uma revisäo histórica / The aspect of biologic psychiatry: a historical review

É apresentada uma revisäo histórica das diversas abordagens terapêuticas utilizadas em nosso meio pela psiquiatria brasileira de 1902 ao presente. A partir das propostas de Roxo e da consulta aos arquivos sob guarda do Instituto de Psiquiatria - UFRJ, a trajetória da aventura terapêutica, vivida tanto por pacientes como por especialistas é comentada. Algumas tendências e influências sofridas pela psiquiatria brasileira säo também analisadas