The Role of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Risk Scoring Systems in Predicting Coronary Atherosclerosis

Abstract Background Comparative data on the performance of cardiovascular risk scoring systems (CRSSs) in patients with severe coronary artery disease (CAD) are lacking. Objectives To compare different CRSSs regarding their ability to discriminate patients with severe CAD. Method A total of 414 patients (297 men; 61.3±12.3 years of age) undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled and evaluated for major risk factors. Cardiovascular risk and risk category were defined for each patient using the Framingham, Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), and Pooled Cohort Risk Assessment Equation (PCRAE) tools. Severe CAD was defined as ≥ 50% stenosis in at least one major coronary artery and/or previous coronary stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Severe CAD was identified in 271 (65.4%) patients. The ROC curves of the 3 CRSSs for predicting severe CAD were compared and showed no significant difference: the area under the ROC curve was 0.727, 0.694, and 0.717 for the Framingham, SCORE, and PCRAE tools, respectively (p > 0.05). However, when individual patients were classified as having low, intermediate, or high cardiovascular risk, the rate of patients in the high-risk group was significantly different between the PCRAE, Framingham, and SCORE tools (73.4%, 27.5%, and 37.9%, respectively; p < 0.001). Discussion PCRAE had higher positive and negative predictive values for detecting severe CAD in high-risk patients than the Framingham and SCORE tools. Conclusion We can speculate that currently used CRSSs are not sufficient, and new scoring systems are needed. In addition, other risk factors, such as serum creatinine, should be considered in future CRSSs. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Relação entre o Escore de Gensini e Mortalidade Intra-Hospitalar em Pacientes com Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST / The Relationship Between Gensini Score and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Fundamento: Até o momento, diversos escores de risco baseados em pacientes foram estabelecidos para a predição de mortalidade em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). O escore de Gensini foi originalmente desenvolvido para quantificar a gravidade de doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre a gravidade de DAC avaliada pelo escore de Gensini e mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea primária (ICP-P). Métodos: Foram incluídos 539 pacientes com IAMCSST, submetidos à ICP-P dentro das primeiras 12 horas do início dos sintomas. A gravidade da DAC foi expressa como a soma do escore de Gensini para cada lesão. Variáveis demográficas, anamnese e características clínicas dos pacientes, bem como eventos hospitalares significativos, foram obtidos de relatórios médicos. Resultados: Dos 539 pacientes, 416 (77,2%) eram do sexo masculino, e a idade média era 59,14 ± 12,68 anos. A taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 5,4% (29 pacientes, 16 homens). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 10,5% em pacientes do sexo feminino e 3,8% em pacientes do sexo masculino (P=0,004). Os escores de Gensini médios mostraram-se significativamente diferentes na comparação entre pacientes que sobreviveram (54,54 ± 26,34) e aqueles que foram a óbito (80,17 ± 26,51) (P = 0,001). O modelo de análise multivariada de regressão de Cox de risco proporcional revelou que o escore de Gensini (P = 0,037), o sexo feminino (P = 0,039), níveis séricos de ureia (P = 0,041), níveis de ácido úrico (P = 0,008) e FEVE (P = 0,001) estavam independentemente associados à mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos à ICP-P. Conclusões: O escore de Gensini está independentemente associado à mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com ICP-P. Portanto, o escore pode ter um papel importante na estratificação de risco de pacientes com IAMCSST

Background: To date, several validated patient-based risk scores have been established to predict mortality and morbidity in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The Gensini score was originally developed to quantify the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Objectives: We intend to assess the association between severity of CAD assessed by Gensini score and in-hospital mortality in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (P-PCI). Methods: A total of 539 patients presenting with acute STEMI, who underwent P-PCI within the first 12 hours from the onset of symptoms, were included. The severity of CAD was expressed as the sum of the Gensini scores for each lesion. Patients' demographic variables, medical histories and clinical features, as well as in hospital major adverse events were obtained from the medical reports. Results: Of these 539 patients, 416 (77.2%) were male and mean age was 59.14 ± 12.68 years. In-hospital mortality rate was 5.4% (29 patients; 16 men). Mortality rate was 10.5% in female patients and 3.8% in males (P = 0.004). Mean Gensini scores were significantly different in the comparison between patients who survived (54.54 ± 26.34) and those who died (80.17 ± 26.51) (P = 0.001). The multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis model revealed that the Gensini score (P = 0.037), female gender (P = 0.039), serum urea levels (P = 0.041), uric acid levels (P = 0.008) and LVEF (P = 0.001) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with STEMI undergoing P-PCI. Conclusion: The Gensini score is independently associated with in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients treated with P-PCI. Therefore, it might play an important role in risk stratification of STEMI patients

High admission levels of γ-glutamyltransferase predict poor myocardial perfusion after primary percutaneous intervention

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the relationship between admission levels of serum y-glutamyltransferase and poor myocardial perfusion after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. INTRODUCTION: Reperfusion injury caused by free radical release and increased oxidative stress is responsible for the pathophysiology of the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Serum ϒ-glutamyltransferase is an established marker of increased oxidative stress. METHODS: The study population consisted of 80 patients (64 men and 16 women, mean age = 67.5 + 6.6 years) with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 0/1 flow pre-procedurally. The patients were divided into two groups according to thrombolysis in myocardial perfusion grades that were assessed immediately following primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The two groups (group 1 and group 2) each consisted of 40 patients with thrombolysis in myocardial perfusion grades 0-1 and thrombolysis in myocardial perfusion grades 2-3, respectively. RESULTS: Admission pain to balloon time, ϒ-glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels of group 1 patients were significantly higher than those of group 2 patients. Pain to balloon time, ϒ-glutamyltransferase, peak creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, low left ventricular ejection fraction and poor pre-procedural thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade were significantly associated with poor myocardial perfusion by univariate analysis. However, only pain to balloon time and ϒ-glutamyltransferase levels showed a significant independent association with poor myocardial perfusion by backward logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated as 4.92 for pain to balloon time and 1.13 for ϒ-glutamyltransferase. CONCLUSION: High admission ϒ-glutamyltransferase levels are associated with poor myocardial perfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention, particularly in patients with prolonged pain to balloon time.