Stress, Anxiety, and Depression among Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Patients

Background: Since 1981, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) kills 39 million people globally. This silent killer diseasenot only affects the patient physiologically and economically but also psychologically too. It is found by various researchers thatAIDS patients have a lot of psychological problems such as fear, stigma, distress, aggression, anxiety, stress, and depression.Materials and Methods: The present study constituted a sample of 100 human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS patients withan equal number of male and female, selected through simple random sampling method. Further, all patients were equallydivided into two more subgroups on the basis of their marital status (married and unmarried). Anxiety, depression, and stressscale constructed by Bhatnagar et al., were used for the assessment of anxiety, stress, and depression among patients. Forstatistical analysis mean, t-test and Pearson correlation were applied using SPSS 16.0 version.Results: The results demonstrated that AIDS patients have high level of anxiety (14% of patients have moderate level and 59%of patients have severe level), stress (2% of patients have mild, 35% of patients have moderate level, and 63% of patients havesevere level), and depression (26% of patients have moderate level, while as 74% of patients have severe level), respectively.Further, results also uncovered that female and married patients have a high level of anxiety, stress, and depression than maleand unmarried patients.Conclusion: On the basis of results we conclude that most of the AIDS patients have moderate and sever level of anxiety,stress, and depression.

Benign Osteoblastoma of the Mandible: A Case Report

Osteoblastoma, a rare osteoblastic tumor, constitutes approximately 1% of all primary bone tumors. It is characterized by osteoid and bone formation with the presence of numerous osteoblasts. A 24-year-old female presented with a chief complaint of a painless swelling beneath the mandible, which was growing during the past 3 years. Radiological picture disclosed a well-circumscribed lesion with patchy radiopaque internal structure. After complete excision, the histopathological diagnosis was a benign osteoblastoma of the mandible. Differential diagnosis and immunohistochemical features potentially useful for refining diagnosis of osteoblastoma.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis Precipitated by Leptospira and Hepatitis: A Management Protocol.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a rare but potentially fatal complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The associated liver failure and sepsis further challenged the management of DKA. We present a case of an 11-year-old boy presenting with severe DKA being precipitated by hepatitis A virus and leptospira co-infection. The patient presented with severe metabolic acidosis and features of cerebral edema and developed oliguric AKI. In addition, rhabdomyolysis was noted during the course of DKA which probably contributed to the AKI. We, therefore, describe the difficulties faced and the steps taken differently from usual DKA management to manage this case.