Study of Anatomical Variations of Number of Pulmonary Veins and its Clinical Significance

Introduction: The pulmonary veins play an important rolein the pulmonary circulation by receiving oxygenated bloodfrom the Lungs and delivering it to the left atrium. Pulmonaryvein anatomy piqued curiosity of researchers off late afterthe discovery of its role in genesis of atrial arrhythmias andincreased incidence of pulmonary hypertension in COPD.The congenital variations in number of pulmonary veinsand their drainage patterns, encompass a wide spectrum ofanomalies and are not uncommon in general population. Theaim of the study was to observe the variations in the numberof pulmonary veins and pulmonary ostia.Material and Methods: The present study was done on 25formalin fixed hearts aged 18-70 years, obtained from thedepartment of anatomy, Sri Padmavathi Medical college forwomen, Tirupathi. These hearts were observed for the numberof pulmonary veins, their drainage into left atrium, variationsin pulmonary ostia on right and left sides and were comparedwith previous studies.Results: Out of the 25 specimens studied, 23 hearts (92%)had normal pattern of four pulmonary veins, two from eachlung extending to the left atrium and opening into it via twoseparate pulmonary ostia, on either side. In 2 (8%) out of 25specimens, variations in the number of pulmonary veins andthe pulmonary ostia were observed.Conclusion: The awareness of the variant anatomy ofpulmonary veins and their drainage is of paramountimportance to Radiologists, Electrophysiologist and Cardiothoracic surgeons while performing surgical procedures onHeart.

Soft Tissue Analysis in Aesthetically Pleasing Profiles

Aesthetically pleasing and balanced face is one of the objectives of orthodontic treatment. An understanding of the soft tissues and their normal ranges enables a treatment plan to be formulated to normalize the facial traits for a given individual. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variables defining the soft tissue facial profile of Khammam population. The angular measurements typically used for aesthetic treatment goals and gender differences were tested. The sample consisted of 100 dental students (50 males and 50 females) aged 17 to 25 years from Mamata Dental College, Khammam. The soft tissue profile was studied by means of standardized photographs taken in thenatural head position (NHP). The differences between malesand females were analyzed by student's t-test. The results showed sexual differences in nose tip angle and mento labial angle. Among linear measurements facial heights, facial width, lip length showed sexual dimorphism. Males have greater facial heights, facial widths and lip length. Orthodontist must individualize treatment planning, using local norms as the reference rather than the established norms for white people.