Efectos neurobiológicos del estrés prenatal sobre el nuevo ser / Neurobiological effects of prenatal stress on the newborn

Prenatal stress (PS) has been mainly investigated in animal models. It could trigger permanent neurobiological changes in the offpring through fetal programming, displayed as behavioral, cognitive, anxious, affective and psychotic disorders during infancy and adulthood. Main effects of PS have been related to the functioning of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), serotonergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, cortical (prefrontal, temporal and insular cortex) and subcortical structures (amygdala, hippocampus), cerebellum and placenta. Glucocorticoids are the most recognized transmission factors of maternal-fetal stress, with distinctive effects according to the moment of action, developmental stage and fetal gender. Alteration pattern of the HPA axis by PS would be similar to the one observed in some mental disorders. Other neuromodulators involved in the neurotoxicity of PS are nitric oxide and brain derived neurotrophic factor, associated to synaptic potentiation and depression. Also, serotonergic system has an important relationship with HPA axis, verifyinga decreased number of serotonin transporters and an impaired placental synthesis of the neurotransmitter, essential for fetal neurodevelopment. Other epigenenomic mechanisms would be the modulation of synaptic plasticity by neurotrophins, adhesion and membrane molecules. Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has shown controversial outcomes. PS would affect fetal programming causing significant and permanent neurobiological alterations with clinical manifestations. This complex phenomenon must be further investigated, especially in human models.

El estrés prenatal (EP), investigado mayoritariamente en modelos animales, podría desencadenar modificaciones neurobiológicas permanentes en la descendencia mediante la programación fetal, manifestadas como alteraciones conductuales, cognitivas, ansiosas y afectivas, hasta trastornos psiquiátricos durante la niñez y la adultez. Los principales efectos del EP se han hallado en el eje hipotalámico-hipofisiario-adrenal (HHA), los sistemas serotoninérgicos, glutamatérgicos y GABAérgicos, y en estructuras nerviosas corticales (corteza prefrontal, temporal, insular), subcorticales (amígdala, hipocampo), cerebelo y placenta. Los glucocorticoides son los factores de transmisión de estrés materno-fetal más estudiados, con efectos diferenciales según la temporalidad de su acción, la fase del desarrollo y el sexo fetal. El patrón de alteración del eje HHA ante el EP sería similar al observado en algunos desórdenes mentales. Otros neuromoduladores involucrados en la neurotoxicidad del EP son el óxido nítrico y el factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro, implicados en los procesos de potenciación y depresión sináptica. A su vez, el sistema serotoninérgico posee una relación intrínseca con el eje HHA, verificándose una disminución en la cantidad de transportadores de serotonina y una alteración de la síntesis placentaria del neurotransmisor, esencial para el neurodesarrollo fetal. Otros mecanismos epigenéticos serían la modulación de la plasticidad sináptica mediante neurotrofinas, moléculas de adhesión y de membrana. El tratamiento con inhibidores selectivos de la recaptura de serotonina ha demostrado resultados controvertidos. El EP afectaría a la programación fetal provocando alteraciones neurobiológicas significativas y permanentes con un correlato clínico. Mayor investigación y difusión es necesaria en este complejo fenómeno, sobre todo, en modelos humanos.

Mujer joven con nefritis lúpica y dengue / Young woman with lupus nephritis and dengue

Se reporta caso clínico de una mujer de 21 años con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) de diagnóstico reciente complicada con nefritis lúpica (NL) tratada en nuestro centro, con evolución favorable con inmunosupresores. Pero reingresa por dengue con signos de alarma del cual se recupera satisfactoriamente.

Clinical case of a 21 year old woman with complicated systemic lupus erythem atosus (SLE) recently diagnosed with lupus nephritis (LN) treated at our center, with favorable evolution immunosuppression reported. But readmitted because dengue of with warning signs, at present he is recovering satisfactorily

Prueba de basculación (Tilt Table Testing): Comparación de dos protocolos: isoproterenol versus nitroglicerina / Comparison of the use of isoproterenol or nitroglycerine during the Tilt test

Background: There is debate about the advantages of different protocols usefulness of tilt test for the diagnosis of vasovagal collapse. Aim: To compare the sensitivity, specificity, adverse reactions, complications and time requirements of two different Tilt test protocols. Material and Methods: A Tilt test using isoproterenol in progressive doses (2 μg for 10 min and 5 μg for 5 min posteriorly was performed in 159 patients aged 9 to 84 years (59 males). Another Tilt test using sublingual nitroglycerine in doses of 0.3 mg was performed in 201 patients aged 8 to 87 years (62 males). Also, 20 healthy volunteers were tested. Results: The positivity rates of the tests using isoproterenol and nitroglycerin were 75.5 and 77.6% respectively (NS). The figures for sensitivity were 98.4 and 99.3% (NS). The figures for specificity were 93.2 and 98.4% (NS). The test using isoproterenol requires 15 more minutes. As adverse reactions, 38% of participants experienced palpitations with isoproterenol and 22% experienced headache with nitroglycerin. Conclusions: The Tilt test with nitroglycerin is shorter, simpler, painless, with less personnel involved and has the same diagnostic accuracy than the test with isoproterenol.