ABSTRACT
Resumen Con el objetivo de identificar, entre 317 municipios y delegaciones del país, aquellos que requieren con mayor prioridad servicios de tratamiento y prevención del consumo de drogas, se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal con base en el método Delphi, el cual constituye una metodología estructurada para recolectar sistemáticamente juicios de expertos sobre un problema, de manera que las apreciaciones individuales se transforman para elaborar un juicio colectivo sobre el tema, lo que sirve para aplicar un peso ponderado a las variables en estudio. En este caso se contó con un panel de 55 expertos que valoró el nivel de riesgo de 33 indicadores demográficos, de salud, económicos, de educación, vivienda, geográficos, turísticos, sociofamiliares, del tráfico de estupefacientes y del consumo de drogas ilegales que se encontraban vigentes. Las variables estudiadas fueron: proporción de concentración urbana, tasa media de crecimiento, edad promedio, proporción de población masculina, tasa de migración internacional, proporción de servicios de salud, viviendas con agua y energía eléctrica, viviendas con servicio de drenaje, viviendas con Internet, nivel de hacinamiento, nivel de ingreso, pobreza alimentaria, pobreza de capacidades, pobreza de patrimonio, personas de 3 años y más que no asisten a la escuela, personas de 12 años y más que no asisten a la escuela, nivel de escolaridad, ubicación en la frontera norte, formar parte de grandes metrópolis, afluencia de turismo nacional e internacional, proporción de embarazos tempranos, proporción de personas que profesan alguna religión, encontrarse ubicado en rutas de tráfico de marihuana, cocaína, metanfetaminas y/o heroína, la prevalencia del consumo de drogas en los jóvenes, las prevalencias del consumo de cocaína y de marihuana, la percepción de incremento del consumo de drogas y la proporción de la población a la que le han ofrecido drogas regaladas. Los resultados mostraron que de los 371 municipios y delegaciones con 50,000 habitantes o más considerados para este estudio, 85 de ellos formaron parte de grandes metrópolis, con más de un millón de personas; 73 fueron puntos turísticos y 73.5% de las localidades conformaron concentraciones urbanas. Se identificaron 59 municipios y delegaciones con nivel de riesgo macrosocial alto o muy alto y 105 municipios y delegaciones con un nivel de riesgo macrosocial mediano-alto, que requieren con mayor prioridad de servicios de prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación del consumo de drogas.
Abstract With the objective to identify, among 317 municipalities and delegations of the country, those requiring with higher priority drug abuse prevention and treatment services, it was made a cross-sectional study, based on the Delphi method, which is a structured methodology to systematically collect expert opinions on an issue, so that the individual assessments are transformed to produce a collective judgment on the subject that was carried out, and apply a weight to the variables under study. In this case we had a panel of 55 experts, whose assessed the risk level of 33 updated demographic, health, economic, education, housing, geographic, touristic, socio-familiar, drug trafficking and use of illegal drugs. The studied variables were: Proportion of urban concentration, average growth rate, average age, proportion of male population, international migration rate, Proportion of health services, Homes with water and electricity, Drawnig housing service, Internet housing service, Overcrowding level, Income level, Food poverty, Capability poverty, Patrimony poverty, Persons of 3 years and older who do not attend school, Persons aged 12 and over who do not attend school, school level, location on the northern border, are part of large metropolis, inflow of national and international tourism, proportion of early pregnancy, people who practice some religion, be located on routes of trafficking marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine and / or heroin, prevalence of drug use among young people, prevalence of cocaine and marijuana use, the perception of increased drug use, and the proportion of the population that has been offered drugs for free. The results showed that of the 371 municipalities and delegations with 50,000 inhabitants or more considered for this study, 85 of them were part of large metropolis with more than a million people; 73 were tourist spots and 73.5% of the localities made urban concentrations. Were identified 59 municipalities and delegations with a high or very high macro-social risk level and 105 municipalities and delegations with a medium-high macro-social risk level, requiring with highest priority services of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of drug abuse problems.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo del estudio consistió en evaluar los resultados del Programa de tratamiento para personas que tienen problemas con su forma de beberdesarrollado en Centros de Integración Juvenil (CIJ). La valoración se realizó mediante un diseño cuanti-cualitativo, transversal, comparativo, ex post facto. La primera estimación, se llevó a cabo con una muestra intencional de 170 personas (133 hombres y 37 mujeres) que estaban participando en el programa. Para ello, se diseñó la Cédula de Evaluación del Programa para Bebedores (CEPROBE) que examina el área emocional, de salud, de integración social, la participación en conductas delictivas, la capacidad asertiva para enfrentar el ofrecimiento de bebidas alcohólicas y el consumo de alcohol, además de explorar la opinión general de los pacientes acerca del servicio y atención que se les brinda. Para el segundo análisis, se entrevistaron 24 psicólogos y 1 médico (7 mujeres y 18 hombres), a través de un cuestionario abierto que indaga la experiencia del terapeuta en el desarrollo del programa. En general, 47.3% de los pacientes disminuyeron el consumo, mientras que 48.5% logró abandonar el uso de alcohol. Con la prueba de Kruskal- Wallis, los resultados sugieren diferencias significativas en casi todas las áreas mencionadas y en el uso de alcohol de los sujetos. Bajo la percepción de los pacientes y del personal médico técnico, el programa cumplió con las pautas de calidad adecuadamente.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of the treatment program for people who have problems with their drinking developed at Centros de Integración Juvenil, institute dedicated to treat, prevent and investigate addictions in Mexico. The evaluation was made by a cuanti-cualitative, transversal, comparative, ex post facto design. The first estimate was carried out with a purposive sample of 170 people (133 men and 37 women) who were participating in the treatment program. To do this, was design the test of Program Evaluation for Drinkers(CEPROBE) to examine the emotional and health state, social integration, criminal behavior, assertiveness to confront the offer of alcohol, habit changes attributed to alcohol program and to assess service quality standards. For the second analysis, 24 Psychologists and 1 Physician (18 men and 7 women) were interviewed it means at an open questionnaire that explores the experience of the therapist in the course of the program. Overall, 47.3% of the patients decreased de use of alcohol, while 48.5% were able to quit it. With the Kruskal-Wallis test, the results suggest significant differences in the socio-emotional status mentioned and alcohol use of the subjects. Under the perception of patients and therapist, the program fulfilled adequately quality standards.
ABSTRACT
As a part of a innovative research line on mental health and addictions focused to operationalize the clinical approach of Maslow's motivational theory, this study is focused to prove a theoretical multi-factorial model that presuppose a relationship between a set of psycho-social protective factors and affective disorders, attraction to drugs, and severity of legal and illegal drug use, all them mediated by the satisfaction degree of deficit needs and its pleasurable associated sensations. The study was implemented with a cross-sectional, ex-post-facto design, with a 241 sample made out by urban young adults that were actual illicit drug users, which used more than five times one of the next drugs: marijuana, cocaine, crack, inhalants, heroin or metamphetamine. These subjects had a 24,5 mean age (SD= 5,1), with a ratio of almost eight men at of each woman. More than half of them were single, a third part was married or lived together and the fifth part was separated or divorced. Half of participants had high school studies, a fourth part had college and 8% had superior level. Half of the subjects were employed, 10% were students, 4% were housemakers, 5% studied and worked simultaneously, and a third part did not work. A fourth part were referred to previous treatment(s) for drug abuse. Based on the diagnosis, marijuana was identified as a drug of greater impact (29,9%), followed by cocaine (27,4%), inhalants (16,2%), heroin (12.0%), crack (10%) and crystal (4,6%). It was applied a battery of instruments that included: a) A scale to test the Severity of drug abuse (alpha = .953), that included items to evaluate issues such as: the incapacity to control drug use; intense desire to use; increase in the consumption; inability to reject drugs; changes in mood; transgression of the rules; residual symptoms; fights, and self injures. b) The Beck Depression Inventory (alpha = .918), conformed by two factors, Affective-cognitive depression (alpha = .867), with items related to feeling punished, failed and guilty, and Physiological-behavioral depression (alpha = .853) with items associated to insomnia, feeling tired, irritable, unsatisfied and hesitated. c) A multifactorial scale of Degree of Satisfaction of Deficit Needs of Health and security (alpha = .876), with items such as: tranquility, confidence, order and education; authenticity (alpha = .878), with items like honesty, sincerity, respect and freedom; affective (alpha = .780), with items like affection, friendship and love; self esteem (alpha = .825), with items like recognition, work, success and money; and enjoyment (alpha = .910), with items like joy, amusement, happiness, play, laugh, sing and dance. d) A multi-factorial risk and protection scale of drug use and related syndromes (alpha = .794), with the following factors: satisfactory family relations (alpha = .850), satisfactory relation with friends (alpha =927) and individual ability for satisfaction (alpha = .841). e) A multi-factorial scale related with the attraction for legal and illegal drugs (alpha = .949), with a factor for alcohol attraction (alpha = .933), other factor for tobacco attraction (alpha = .890) and a factor for alcohol attraction (alpha = .926). Furthermore, two models were developed with three antecedent manifest variables: individual ability for satisfaction, satisfactory family relations and satisfactory relation with friends. Both models showed that individual ability for satisfaction predicts 17% of variance of the satisfactory family relations and 10% of the satisfactory relation with friends. The mediating latent variable Satisfaction degree of deficit needs showed different forms in each model because the first one included a) satisfaction degree of health and security needs, b) satisfaction degree of self esteem needs and c) satisfaction degree of enjoyment needs, whereas the second model, more parsimonious, kept the first two factors. Both models incorporate, as consequent latent variables, depression (explained in 53% of its variance in model 2) as well as the manifest variable of: severity of drug abuse (explained in 45%) and the mediating latent variable attraction for legal and illegal drugs with an explained variance of 32% (for example: <>). The models provide conceptual validity to the clinical approach of Maslow's theory, because it verifies that the unsatisfaction of deficit needs is related to: the presence of affective disturbance like depression; the attraction by legal and illegal drugs; and the severity of alcohol consumption and drugs. Model one includes among others the mediating variable satisfaction of the needs of self esteem, showing the influence of Jonah's complex usually related to the fear of recognition, success, etc. Model 2 is more parsimonious and reaffirms the importance of satisfying physiological and security needs, and its associated enjoinment. In adittion, it stands out that the individual capacity of satisfaction is related to the satisfaction of deficit needs causing the appearance of moments of joy, amusement and happiness, possibly associated with the Reward Circuit Activation. On the other hand, the individual capacity of satisfaction also maintains a direct relation with satisfactory relations with family and friends. Both variables have as well a positive influence in the satisfaction of deficit needs. Moreover, the individual capacity of satisfaction is related to the satisfaction of the deficit necessities, causing the appearance of moments of joy, amusement and happiness possibly associated with the reward circuit activation. On the other hand, the individual capacity of satisfaction also maintains a direct relationship with satisfactory relations with family and friends, which have also a positive influence to the satisfaction of the deficit needs and their associated enjoyment sensations, such as laugh, singing and dancing, that usually take place in social interactions. Also, it was shown how the individual aptitudes as well as relationships with others were substantial sources for satisfaction of deficit needs. Additionally, it was observed that a deficient degree of needs satisfaction was related to an increment in affection disturbances and in the severity of drug use, supporting the Maslow's psycho-pathogenesis construct. Finally, it was observed how a deficient degree of satisfaction also shows a direct relationship with the attraction to legal and illegal drugs, and is stand out how the presence of affection disturbances increases the attraction to drugs, which at the same time increases the severity of drug use.
Con el fin de someter a prueba un modelo teórico multifactorial basado en la aproximación clínica de la teoría de la motivación de Maslow -modelo en el que se presupone una relación entre un conjunto de variables psicosociales protectoras y algunos trastornos afectivos, la atracción por las drogas y la severidad de su consumo, mediadas por el grado de satisfacción de ciertas necesidades deficitarias (salud, seguridad y autoestima) así como sensaciones de disfrute asociado- se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, ex post facto, con una muestra de 241 adultos jóvenes urbanos, consumidores actuales de drogas ilícitas. Se desarrollaron dos modelos estadísticos con base en las variables antecedentes: capacidad individual de satisfacción, relaciones satisfactorias con la familia y relaciones satisfactorias con los amigos. En ambos modelos se encontró que la capacidad individual de satisfacción predice en cierta medida las relaciones satisfactorias con la familia y con los amigos. La variable mediadora satisfacción de necesidades deficitarias se manifestó en forma distinta en ambos modelos, pues el primero incluyó: a) grado de satisfacción de las necesidades de salud y seguridad, b) grado de satisfacción de necesidades de estima y c) grado de satisfacción de necesidades de disfrute, mientras que el segundo, más parsimonioso, conservó sólo las dos primeras variables manifiestas. Ambos modelos incorporan como variables consecuentes la depresión (explicada en 53% en el modelo 2), así como la severidad del consumo de drogas (explicada en 45% de su varianza en el modelo 2). Además, el modelo incorpora como una variable mediadora la atracción por las drogas con una varianza explicada de 32% en el segundo modelo. Los dos modelos aportan validez conceptual a la vertiente clínica de la teoría de Maslow, pues se verificó que la insatisfacción de las necesidades de deficiencia se relaciona con el surgimiento de trastornos afectivos como la depresión, con el gusto por las drogas legales e ilegales y con la severidad del consumo de alcohol y drogas. Además, se destaca que en el modelo 1 se incluye entre otras la variable mediadora: satisfacción de las necesidades de estima, verificándose con ello la influencia del <