ABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To improve workflow and usability by introduction of a new electronic patient record (EPR) and database.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Establishment of an EPR based on open source technology (MySQL database and PHP scripting language) in a tertiary care andrology center at a university clinic. Workflow analysis, a benchmark comparing the two systems and a survey for usability and ergonomics were carried out.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Workflow optimizations (electronic ordering of laboratory analysis, elimination of transcription steps and automated referral letters) and the decrease in time required for data entry per patient to 71%+/-27%, P<0.05, lead to a workload reduction. The benchmark showed a significant performance increase (highest with starting the respective system: 1.3+/-0.2 s vs. 11.1+/-0.2 s, mean+/-SD). In the survey, users rated the new system at least two ranks higher over its predecessor (P<0.01) in all sub-areas.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>With further improvements, today's EPR can evolve to substitute paper records, saving time (and possibly costs), supporting user satisfaction and expanding the basis for scientific evaluation when more data is electronically available. Newly introduced systems should be versatile, adaptable for users, and workflow-oriented to yield the highest benefit. If ready-made software is purchased, customization should be implemented during rollout.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Andrology , Benchmarking , Databases as Topic , Reference Standards , Ergonomics , Germany , Hospitals, University , Medical Records Systems, Computerized , Reference Standards , Outpatient Clinics, Hospital , Systems Analysis , User-Computer Interface , Work Simplification , WorkloadABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>Although epidermal growth factor receptors are expressed in the testes, whether they signal through epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (Eps8) is unknown. Here we evaluated the expression pattern of Eps8 in the maturing testis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of Eps8 was analysed by Northern blotting, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting in primary Sertoli cell cultures and in testicular tissue of rodents.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eps8 is specifically expressed in gonocytes, Leydig and Sertoli cells of the neonatal rats and in Leydig and Sertoli cells of the adult rats and mice. Although gonocytes express Eps8, no signal was found in prepubertal or mature spermatogonia and the expression level of Eps8 in Sertoli cells increases with age. No regulation of Eps8 expression in primary immature rat Sertoli cells by Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was detected by Western blotting.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Eps8 seems to be involved in the growth factor-controlled regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in the seminiferous epithelium. Eps8 is a possible marker for gonocytes and in Sertoli cells it could be involved in crosstalk with other growth factor pathways.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Base Sequence , Blotting, Northern , Cell Line , DNA Primers , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Immunohistochemistry , Leydig Cells , Cell Biology , Physiology , Proteins , Genetics , RNA , Genetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sertoli Cells , Physiology , Sexual Maturation , Spermatocytes , Cell Biology , Physiology , TestisABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To specifically express the Asp567Gly human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) under the control of its promoter to evaluate the phenotypic consequences in the presence of normal pituitary function.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We produced transgenic mice overexpressing the Asp567Gly human FSHR under the control of a 1.5kb 5'-flanking region fragment of its promoter.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Mice were phenotypically normal and fertile. In males, mRNA could be detected in the testis and the brain, indicating that the 1.5kb promoter fragment drives expression not only in the gonads. The testis weight/body weight ratio and the testosterone levels in transgenic and non-transgenic littermates were similar. By in situ hybridisation we found that the transgenic FSHR was highly expressed in Sertoli cells, spermatocytes and round spermatids. However, a radioligand receptor assay failed to show a significant difference in total FSHR binding sites in testis homogenates of transgenic and wild type animals, suggesting that the transgenic FSHR is probably not translated into functional receptor protein.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A 1.5kb 5'-region of the human FSHR drives mRNA expression of the transgene in the testis but leads to ectopic expression in germ cells and in the brain. No phenotypic consequences could be documented due to the lack of protein expression.</p>