ABSTRACT
Abstract The objective of this work was to perform the phytochemical characterization, to determine total phenols, antioxidant (AAO%) and antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extracts of carambola. The phytochemical study was carried out through a qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents and quantitative determination of the phenol content By the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Qualitative and quantitative antioxidant tests were performed using the DPPH method (2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazila) and iron reduction (FRAP). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution in 96-well plates. The presence of pyrogallic tannins, steroids and saponins has been identified. The highest total phenol content, quantified in the samples, was found in the stem bark (0.0866 mgEAG/g) and in the fruit (0.0734 mgEAG/g). In the antioxidant evaluation, the extracts of the green fruit bagasse (AAO% 71.9%,) and stem bark at 50 μg/mL (AAO% 94%) with CE50 23.7 μg/mL. Leaf extracts, stem bark, ripe fruit bagasse and green fruit bagasse presented MICs of 100 μg/mL against multiresistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a caracterização fitoquímica, determinar fenóis totais, potencial antioxidante (AAO%) e antimicrobiano dos extratos etanólicos de carambola O estudo fitoquímico foi realizado por meio de análise qualitativa dos constituintes químicos e determinação quantitativa do teor de fenóis totais pelo teste de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os testes antioxidantes qualitativos e quantitativos foram realizados pelo método do DPPH (2,2 difenil-1- picril-hidrazila) e redução do ferro (FRAP). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada por microdiluição em placas de 96 poços. Foi identificada a presença de taninos pirogálicos, esteroides e saponinas. O maior teor de fenóis totais, quantificado nas amostras, foi encontrado na casca do caule (0,0866 mg EAG/g) e no fruto (0,0734 mg EAG/g). Na avaliação antioxidante destacaram-se a 500 µg/mL os extratos do bagaço do fruto verde (AAO% 71,9%,), e casca do caule a 50 µg/mL (AAO% 94%) com CE50 23,7 µg/mL. Os extratos das folhas, casca do caule, bagaço do fruto maduro e bagaço do fruto verde apresentaram CIM de 100 µg/mL contra bactérias e fungos patogênicos multirresistentes.
Subject(s)
Oxalidaceae , Averrhoa , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacologyABSTRACT
This study evaluated the genotoxicity of lyophilized glycolic extract of Theobroma cacao Linné seeds (TCL), using the micronucleus assay in bone marrow of mice. The interaction between TCL and doxorubicin (DXR) was also analyzed. Experimental groups were evaluated 24-48 h after treatment with N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU: 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (145 mM), TCL (0.5-2 g/kg), and TCL (2 g/kg) in combination with DXR (antigenotoxic assays). Analysis of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) showed no significant differences between all the treatment doses of TCL and NaCl control. Mice experimentally treated with DXR and NEU significantly induced MNPCEs. However, a significant reduction of MNPCEs was also observed when TCL was administered in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent DXR. The analysis of the PCE/NCE ratio revealed no significant differences between the NaCl control, all doses of TCL, and DXR. However, there were significant differences in the PCE/NCE ratio between positive NEU control and all other treatments. The PCE/NCE ratio observed after treatment with TCL and DXR showed significant differences and intermediate values to controls (NaCl and NEU). This study suggests absence of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of TCL, regardless of dose, sex, and time. TCL reduced genotoxic effects induced by DXR, suggesting potential antigenotoxic effects.
Este estudo avaliou a genotoxicidade do extrato glicólico liofilizado de sementes de Theobroma cacao Linné (TCL), usando o ensaio do micronúcleo em medula óssea de camundongos. A interação entre TCL e doxorrubicina (DXR) foi também analisada. Grupos experimentais foram avaliados 24-48 h após tratamento com N-Nitroso-N-etilureia (NEU: 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (145 mM), TCL (0,5-2 g/kg), e TCL (2 g/kg) em combinação com DXR (ensaio antigenotóxico). As análises de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (EPCMNs) não mostraram diferenças significantes entre todas as doses de tratamento do TCL e o controle NaCl. Camundongos experimentalmente tratados com DXR e NEU induziram significativamente EPCMNs. Contudo, uma redução significante de EPCMNs foi também observada quando TCL foi administrada em combinação com o agente quimioterapêutico DXR. As análises da relação EPC/ENC (eritrócito policromático/eritrócito normocromático) revelaram ausência de diferenças significantes entre o controle NaCl, todas as doses de TCL e DXR. Contudo, houve diferenças significantes na relação EPC/ENC entre o controle positivo NEU e todos os outros tratamento. A relação ECP/ENC observada após o tratamento com TCL e DXR mostrou diferenças significantes e valores intermediários aos controles (NaCl e NEU). Este estudo sugere ausência de genotoxicidade e citotoxicidade de TCL, independentemente da dose, sexo e tempo. TCL reduziu os efeitos genotóxicos induzidos por DXR, sugerindo potencial efeitos antigenotóxicos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , DNA Damage , Cacao/toxicity , Cytotoxins/analysis , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Micronucleus Tests , Doxorubicin , ErythrocytesABSTRACT
Objective: In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective activity of Turmesac® on Human liver cells (HepG2 cell line) and anti-inflammatory effect on Murine macrophages (Raw 264.7 cell line) by flow Cytometry. Methods: Cell viability of HepG2 and Raw 264.7 cells determined by the MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] assay to identify a non-cytotoxic concentration of Turmesac® for the respective cell lines after 24 h exposure period. Further hepatoprotective effect of Turmesac® was performed in H2O2 treated liver cells using H2DCF-DA staining by flow cytometry. The anti-inflammatory potency of Turmesac® was evaluated in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS 2µg/ml) stimulated Murine Raw 264.7 macrophages by measuring the relative fluorescence intensity of 2 cytokines, Interleukin-8(IL-8) and (Interleukin-12) IL-12 by flow cytometric analysis. Results: Turmesac® concentrations of less than 50μg/ml did not show significant cytotoxicity on both HepG2 and Raw 264.7, cell lines following the treatment period of 24 h and selected 50μg/ml as the optimum concentration for hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory models. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) study revealed that Turmesac® (50μg/ml) effectively suppressed the H2DCF-DA expression in HepG2 cells. Secondly, Turmesac® significantly suppressed the anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions of IL-8 and IL-12 in LPS pre-stimulated cells categorising as a potentially potent anti-inflammatory drug. The mean fluorescence intensity percentage of IL-8 is control 8.86, LPS 50.49, Turmesac® 19.63 and IL12 is control 10.41, LPS 68.94, and Turmesac® 15.79 respectively. Conclusion: This study highlighted that Turmesac® could be considered as a promising hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory compound and a therapeutic agent in curing liver-related and inflammation-related diseases.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Handroanthus impetiginosus has long been used in traditional medicine and various studies have determined the presence of bioactive chemical compounds and potential phytotherapeutics. In this study, the genotoxicity of the lyophilized tincture of H. impetiginosus bark (THI) was evaluated in mouse bone marrow using micronucleus assays. The interaction between THI and genotoxic effects induced by the chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin (DXR), was also analyzed. Experimental groups were evaluated 24 to 48 h after treatment with N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU; 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), sodium chloride (NaCl; 150 mM), and THI (0.5-2 g/kg). Antigenotoxic assays were carried out using THI (0.5 g/kg) in combination with NEU or DXR. Analysis of the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) indicated no significant differences between treatment doses of THI (0.5-2 g/kg) and NaCl. Polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) to normochromatic erythrocyte (NCE) ratios did not indicate any statistical differences between DXR and THI or NaCl, but there were differences between THI and NaCl. A significant reduction in MNPCEs and PCE/NCE ratios was observed when THI was administered in combination with DXR. This study suggested the absence of THI genotoxicity that was dose-, time-, and gender-independent and the presence of moderate systemic toxicity that was dose-independent, but time- and gender-dependent. The combination of THI and DXR also suggested antigenotoxic effects, indicating that THI reduced genotoxic effects induced by chemotherapeutic agents.
Resumo Handroanthus impetiginosus tem sido usada durante um longo período pela medicina tradicional e vários estudos têm demonstrados a presença de compostos químicos e potencial fitoterapêutico. Esta pesquisa avaliou a genotoxicidade da tintura da casca liofilizada de H. impetiginosus (THI) usando o ensaio do micronúcleo em medula óssea de camundongos. A interação entre THI e os efeitos genotóxicos induzidos pelo quimioterápico doxorrubicina (DXR) também foram analisados. Grupos experimentais foram analisados a 24-48 h após o tratamento com N-Nitroso-N-etiluréia (NEU; 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (150 mM) e THI (0,5-2 g/kg). O ensaio antigenotóxico foi conduzido utilizando THI (0,5 g/kg) em combinação com NEU ou DXR. A análise de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (EPCMNs) não mostrou diferenças significativas entre as doses de tratamento (0,5-2 g/kg) e NaCl. As proporções de eritrócitos policromáticos (EPC)/eritrócitos normocromáticos (ENC) não revelaram diferenças estatísticas entre DXR e THI ou NaCl, porém houve diferenças entre THI e NaCl. Uma redução significativa em EPCMNs e na razão EPC/ENC foi observada quando THI foi administrado em combinação com DXR. Essa pesquisa sugere ausência de genotoxicidade de THI, dose-, tempo- e sexo-independente, e moderada toxicidade sistêmica dose-independente, mas tempo- e sexo-dependente. A associação do THI e DXR também sugere efeitos antigenotóxicos. Por conseguinte, THI pode reduzir os efeitos genotóxicos induzidos pelo quimioterapêutico.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , DNA Damage/drug effects , Bone Marrow Cells/cytology , Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Doxorubicin/toxicity , Protective Agents/pharmacology , Micronucleus Tests , Cells, Cultured , Tabebuia/chemistryABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to measure soil microbial biomass and soil surface fauna in undisturbed and disturbed Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) from Sete Cidades National Park, Northeast Brazil. The following sites were sampled under Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) at the park: undisturbed and disturbed Css (slash-and-burn agricultural practices). Total organic and microbial biomass C were higher in undisturbed than in disturbed sites in both seasons. However, microbial biomass C was higher in the wet than in the dry season. Soil respiration did not vary among sites but was higher in the wet than in the dry season. The densities of Araneae, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera were higher in the undisturbed site, whereas the densities of Formicidae were higher in the disturbed site. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis separated undisturbed from disturbed sites according to soil biological properties. Disturbance by agricultural practices, such as slash-and-burn, probably resulted in the deterioration of the biological properties of soil under native Cerrado sensu stricto in the Sete Cidades National Park.
Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as propriedades biológicas do solo em área de Cerrado sensu stricto preservadas e não preservadas do Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Nordeste do Brasil. Os seguintes sites sob Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) foram avaliados: preservado (UND) e não preservado (DIS). O C orgânico total e da biomassa microbiana foram maiores na área preservada do que na não preservada em ambas estações seca e chuvosa. Entretanto, o C da biomassa microbiana foi maior na estação chuvosa do que na seca. A respiração do solo não variou entre as áreas, mas foi maior na estação chuvosa. As densidades de Araneae, Coleoptera e Ortoptera foram maiores na área preservada, enquanto as densidades de Formicidae foram maiores na área não preservada. A analise de escalonamento não-métrico separou a área preservada da não-preservada de acordo com as propriedades biológicas. Os distúrbios no solo pelas atividades agrícolas, como corte-e-queima, resultaram na deterioração das propriedades biológicas do Cerrado nativo no Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades.
Subject(s)
Animals , Soil , Soil Microbiology , Ecosystem , Biomass , Phosphorus/chemistry , Potassium/chemistry , Seasons , Spiders , Brazil , Calcium/chemistry , Agriculture , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , InsectaABSTRACT
Abstract This study evaluated the genotoxicity of lyophilized glycolic extract of Theobroma cacao Linné seeds (TCL), using the micronucleus assay in bone marrow of mice. The interaction between TCL and doxorubicin (DXR) was also analyzed. Experimental groups were evaluated 24-48 h after treatment with N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU: 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (145 mM), TCL (0.5-2 g/kg), and TCL (2 g/kg) in combination with DXR (antigenotoxic assays). Analysis of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) showed no significant differences between all the treatment doses of TCL and NaCl control. Mice experimentally treated with DXR and NEU significantly induced MNPCEs. However, a significant reduction of MNPCEs was also observed when TCL was administered in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent DXR. The analysis of the PCE/NCE ratio revealed no significant differences between the NaCl control, all doses of TCL, and DXR. However, there were significant differences in the PCE/NCE ratio between positive NEU control and all other treatments. The PCE/NCE ratio observed after treatment with TCL and DXR showed significant differences and intermediate values to controls (NaCl and NEU). This study suggests absence of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of TCL, regardless of dose, sex, and time. TCL reduced genotoxic effects induced by DXR, suggesting potential antigenotoxic effects.
Resumo Este estudo avaliou a genotoxicidade do extrato glicólico liofilizado de sementes de Theobroma cacao Linné (TCL), usando o ensaio do micronúcleo em medula óssea de camundongos. A interação entre TCL e doxorrubicina (DXR) foi também analisada. Grupos experimentais foram avaliados 24-48 h após tratamento com N-Nitroso-N-etilureia (NEU: 50 mg/kg), DXR (5 mg/kg), NaCl (145 mM), TCL (0,5-2 g/kg), e TCL (2 g/kg) em combinação com DXR (ensaio antigenotóxico). As análises de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (EPCMNs) não mostraram diferenças significantes entre todas as doses de tratamento do TCL e o controle NaCl. Camundongos experimentalmente tratados com DXR e NEU induziram significativamente EPCMNs. Contudo, uma redução significante de EPCMNs foi também observada quando TCL foi administrada em combinação com o agente quimioterapêutico DXR. As análises da relação EPC/ENC (eritrócito policromático/eritrócito normocromático) revelaram ausência de diferenças significantes entre o controle NaCl, todas as doses de TCL e DXR. Contudo, houve diferenças significantes na relação EPC/ENC entre o controle positivo NEU e todos os outros tratamento. A relação ECP/ENC observada após o tratamento com TCL e DXR mostrou diferenças significantes e valores intermediários aos controles (NaCl e NEU). Este estudo sugere ausência de genotoxicidade e citotoxicidade de TCL, independentemente da dose, sexo e tempo. TCL reduziu os efeitos genotóxicos induzidos por DXR, sugerindo potencial efeitos antigenotóxicos.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The objective of this work was to perform the phytochemical characterization, to determine total phenols, antioxidant (AAO%) and antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extracts of carambola. The phytochemical study was carried out through a qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents and quantitative determination of the phenol content By the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Qualitative and quantitative antioxidant tests were performed using the DPPH method (2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazila) and iron reduction (FRAP). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution in 96-well plates. The presence of pyrogallic tannins, steroids and saponins has been identified. The highest total phenol content, quantified in the samples, was found in the stem bark (0.0866 mgEAG/g) and in the fruit (0.0734 mgEAG/g). In the antioxidant evaluation, the extracts of the green fruit bagasse (AAO% 71.9%,) and stem bark at 50 g/mL (AAO% 94%) with CE50 23.7 g/mL. Leaf extracts, stem bark, ripe fruit bagasse and green fruit bagasse presented MICs of 100 g/mL against multiresistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a caracterização fitoquímica, determinar fenóis totais, potencial antioxidante (AAO%) e antimicrobiano dos extratos etanólicos de carambola O estudo fitoquímico foi realizado por meio de análise qualitativa dos constituintes químicos e determinação quantitativa do teor de fenóis totais pelo teste de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os testes antioxidantes qualitativos e quantitativos foram realizados pelo método do DPPH (2,2 difenil-1- picril-hidrazila) e redução do ferro (FRAP). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada por microdiluição em placas de 96 poços. Foi identificada a presença de taninos pirogálicos, esteroides e saponinas. O maior teor de fenóis totais, quantificado nas amostras, foi encontrado na casca do caule (0,0866 mg EAG/g) e no fruto (0,0734 mg EAG/g). Na avaliação antioxidante destacaram-se a 500 µg/mL os extratos do bagaço do fruto verde (AAO% 71,9%,), e casca do caule a 50 µg/mL (AAO% 94%) com CE50 23,7 µg/mL. Os extratos das folhas, casca do caule, bagaço do fruto maduro e bagaço do fruto verde apresentaram CIM de 100 µg/mL contra bactérias e fungos patogênicos multirresistentes.
ABSTRACT
Given the limited knowledge about the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis by immunoblot, the aim of this study was to assess the applicability of this test, identifying key peptides with diagnostic value. Immunoblot assays were performed using total larval antigen of Taenia crassiceps and 60 sera of positive bovines for cysticercosis (30 naturally and 30 experimentally infected with T. saginata eggs), 30 sera of negative bovines for cysticercosis and 30 sera of bovines with other diseases (fascioliasis, hydatidosis and tuberculosis). The peptides of greater diagnostic importance, in descending order of accuracy (%), were as follows: 6-8kDa (90.8%), 129-143kDa (74.2%), 99-105kDa (71.7%) and 14-19kDa (71.1%). Cross-reactions, due to fascioliasis and hydatidosis, were observed in the four intervals of peptides highlighted. The results demonstrate that the total antigen of T. crassiceps has peptides with a high diagnostic potential; therefore, the immunoblot is useful in the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis.
Tendo em vista o conhecimento limitado sobre o diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina pelo immunoblot, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicabilidade desse teste, identificando os principais peptídeos com valor diagnóstico. Foram realizados ensaios de immunoblot, utilizando antígeno total de larva de Taenia crassiceps e 60 soros de bovinos positivos para a cisticercose (30 naturalmente e 30 experimentalmente infectados com ovos de T. saginata), 30 soros de bovinos negativos para a cisticercose e 30 soros de bovinos com outras patologias (fasciolose, hidatidose e tuberculose). Os peptídeos de maior importância diagnóstica, em ordem decrescente de acurácia (%), foram os seguintes: 6-8 kDa (90,8%), 129-143 kDa (74,2%), 99-105 kDa (71,7%) e 14-19 kDa (71,1%). Reações cruzadas, em decorrência da fasciolose e hidatidose, foram observadas nos quatro intervalos de peptídeos ressaltados. Os resultados demonstram que o antígeno total de T. crassiceps possui peptídeos com alto potencial diagnóstico, sendo, portanto, o immunoblot útil no diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle/parasitology , Cysticercosis/veterinary , Immunoblotting/veterinary , Taenia saginata/parasitology , Antigens , Cysticercosis , PeptidesABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Despite the central role of cognition for mental disorders most studies have been conducted in western countries. Similar research from other parts of the world, particularly India, is very limited. As a first step in closing this gap this cross-cultural comparability study of the South Texas Assessment of Neurocognition (STAN) battery was conducted between USA and India. Methods: One hundred healthy adults from Kerala, India, were administered six language independent subtests of the Java Neuropsychological Test (JANET) version of the STAN, assessing aspects of general intellectual ability (Matrix Reasoning), attention (Identical Pairs Continuous Performance, 3 Symbol Version Test; IPCPTS), working memory (Spatial Capacity Delayed Response Test; SCAP), response inhibition (Stop Signal Reaction Time; SSRT), Emotional Recognition and Risk taking (Balloon Analogue Risk Task; BART). Test results were compared to a demographically matched US sample. Results: Overall test performance in the Kerala sample was comparable to that of the US sample and commensurate to that generally described in studies from western countries. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results support the metric equivalence of currently available cognitive test batteries developed in western countries for use in India. However, the sample was restricted to individuals who were literate and had completed basic primary and secondary education.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Identificar dados clínicos e laboratoriais que diferenciam os casos com síndrome de Klinefelter de acordo com a faixa etária. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos todos os casos de hipogonadismo, ginecomastia e/ou infertilidade avaliados em hospital universitário cujo cariótipo foi realizado entre janeiro de 1989 e dezembro de 2011, totalizando 105 pacientes. Foram avaliados: idade na primeira consulta, relação entre envergadura e altura, pilificação pubiana, ginecomastia, tamanho testicular, hormônio luteinizante (LH), hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH), testosterona e espermograma. RESULTADOS: Foram diagnosticados três casos com síndrome de Klinefelter (SK+) e 72 sem a síndrome (SK-). Dos casos com síndrome de Klinefelter, apenas sete (21,2%) foram diagnosticados antes dos 20 anos e dois (6,1%) antes dos 10 anos de idade. A idade na primeira consulta (em anos) foi semelhante nos dois grupos (SK+ = 31,3±12,9 e SK- = 27,6±12,1), o mesmo ocorrendo com a relação entre envergadura e altura e a presença de ginecomastia. No entanto, a pilificação pubiana foi menor no grupo SK+, o mesmo ocorrendo com a média do volume bitesticular e a testosterona, enquanto que o LH e o FSH foram mais elevados neste grupo, o mesmo ocorrendo com a frequência de azoospermia. CONCLUSÕES: A síndrome de Klinefelter ainda é pouco e tardiamente diagnosticada em nosso meio, sendo os dados de tamanho testicular, LH, FSH, testosterona e presença de azoospermia no espermograma os mais importantes para o seu diagnóstico, principalmente na puberdade e na vida adulta.
OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and laboratory data which differentiate Klinefelter syndrome (KS) patients according to age group. METHODS: The study included all cases of hypogonadism, gynecomastia and/or infertility whose karyotype was performed at a university hospital from January 1989 to December 2011, in a total of 105 subjects. The following data were retrospectively analyzed: age at first visit, ratio of arm span to height, pubic hair, gynecomastia, testicular volume, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (T), and spermiogram. RESULTS: During the study period, 33 patients were diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome (KS+) and 72 were not (KS-). Out of all KS cases, only seven (21.2%) were diagnosed before 20 years old and two (6.1%) before 10 years old. Age at first consultation (in years) was similar in both groups (KS+ = 31.3±12.9 and KS- = 27.6±12.1), as were ratio of arm span to height and frequency of gynecomastia. However, in KS+ patients, pubic hair was less developed, testicular volume was smaller and testosterone levels were lower, while LH and FSH levels and frequency of azoospermia were higher. CONCLUSIONS: Klinefelter syndrome is both an under and late diagnosed condition. The most important data for diagnosis are testicular volume, hormone levels and presence of azoospermia in spermiogram, especially in puberty and adult life.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Klinefelter Syndrome/diagnosis , Age of Onset , Azoospermia/diagnosis , Chi-Square Distribution , Delayed Diagnosis , Gynecomastia/diagnosis , Karyotyping , Klinefelter Syndrome/genetics , Puberty, Delayed , Retrospective Studies , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
A erva-cidreira [Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br.] é uma espécie da família Verbenaceae amplamente utilizada pela população brasileira, devido às propriedades calmante, espasmolítica suave, analgésica, sedativa, ansiolítica e levemente expectorante. Para implantação do experimento foi produzido composto orgânico de capim elefante + esterco, na proporção de 70% de material vegetal e 30% de esterco, sem inoculação e inoculados com os isolados de actinomicetos do gênero Streptomyces: AC16; AC26; AC92 e AC103. Os compostos foram acondicionados em sacos de polietileno contendo 10,0 kg de solo adicionados na proporção equivalente a 20 t ha-1 e foram reaplicados logo após a primeira colheita. As colheitas da parte aérea foram realizadas aos 75 e 165 dias após o transplante. As raízes foram colhidas logo após a segunda colheita. Os tratatamentos com adubação orgânica promoveram aumento médio na produção de biomassa da erva-cidreira de 184, 83, 125, 115 e 122% para biomassa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) na primeira colheita, de MSPA na segunda colheita, biomassa seca total da parte aérea (MSTPA), biomassa seca de raiz (MSR) e biomassa seca total da cultura (MST), respectivamente, quando comparados com o tratamento controle, porém não houve efeito da inoculação de actinomicetos no composto orgânico. Nas condições em que este estudo foi realizado foi possível concluir que a adubação com composto orgânico de capim elefante influenciou positivamente a produção de biomassa seca da L. alba, mas a inoculação dos compostos com actinomicetos não exerceu influência.
L. alba is a species of the family Verbenaceae widely used by the Brazilian population, because of the soothing, gentle antispasmodic, analgesic, expectorant, sedative, anxiolytic and smoothly. For the implementation of the experiment produced organic compound of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Shum.) + manure at 70% plant material and 30% manure, uninoculated and inoculated with the actinomycete Streptomyces genus, AC16, AC26, AC92 and AC103. The compounds were placed in polyethylene bags containing 10.0 kg of soil added in a proportion equivalent to 20 t ha-1 and re-apply after the first harvest. The harvests of the shoots were taken at 75 and 165 days after transplantation. The roots were harvested after the second harvest. Dealing with organic fertilization promoted the average increase in biomass production of lemon grass 184, 83, 125, 115 and 122% for the dry stem biomass (MSPA) in the first harvest, second harvest of MSPA, total shoot biomass (MSTPA), dry biomass of the root (MSR) and the total crop biomass (MST), respectively, compared with the control, but no effect of inoculation of actinomycetes in compost. Under the conditions of this study was conducted, it was concluded that the organic compound fertilizer with elephant grass positively influenced the production of dry biomass of L. alba, but the injection of the compounds of the actinomycetes, without influence.
Subject(s)
Biomass , Melissa/growth & development , Pennisetum/adverse effects , Organic Chemicals/administration & dosage , Composting/methods , Actinobacteria/classificationABSTRACT
Avaliou-se o efeito de extratos orgânicos de Azadirachta indica. Melia azedarach. Toona ciliata e Trichilia pallida (Rutales: Meliaceae) sobre ovos e ninfas de Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biótipo B. Folhas e ramos foram secos, moídos e submetidos à extração (Soxhlet) em diclorometano e em etanol. Visando estabelecer uma concentração adequada para os estudos subsequentes, foram utilizados ovos oriundos de 40 adultos que foram mantidos por 24h em folíolos de tomateiro em gaiolas de voil. Após 9 dias, contou-se o número de ninfas e pulverizou-se o extrato de folhas de .. pallida em diclorometano em diferentes concentrações (0,32; 0,56; 1,0; 1,8 e 3,2%), além de água e acetona (controles). A mortalidade ninfal foi avaliada após sete dias. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Posteriormente, extratos em diclorometano e em etanol foram pulverizados sobre ovos na concentração selecionada (0,56%), em experimentos distintos para cada solvente. Após nove dias, avaliou-se a mortalidade dos ovos e fez-se nova pulverização, avaliando-se, após sete dias, a mortalidade ninfal. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento com blocos aleatorizados (10 tratamentos e quatro repetições). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão, análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey. Observou-se maior rendimento dos extratos em etanol em relação aos extratos em diclorometano. Os extratos em diclorometano de folhas e de ramos das meliáceas afetaram significativamente a sobrevivência de ovos e ninfas da mosca-branca. Os extratos em etanol afetaram a fase de ninfa, mas não apresentaram atividade ovicida.
The effect of organic extracts from Azadirachta indica. Melia azedarach. Toona ciliata and Trichilia pallida (Rutales: Meliaceae) on eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) B biotype was assessed. Leaves and branches were dried, ground and submitted to extraction (Soxhlet) with dichloromethane and ethanol. To establish an adequate concentration for the subsequent tests, eggs were used originating from 40 adults maintained for 24h on tomato leaves in voile cages. After 9 days, the number of nymphs was determined and the dichloromethane extract from T. pallida leaves was sprayed at different concentrations (0.32, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8 and 3.2%); water and acetone were also used (controls). The nymphal mortality was evaluated after 7 days. An entirely randomized design was used, with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Afterwards, dichloromethane and ethanol extracts were sprayed on eggs at the selected concentration (0.56%), in different experiments. After 9 days, the egg mortality was evaluated and a new spraying was conducted to assess the nymphal mortality after 7 days. These experiments were conducted in a randomized block designed (10 treatments and 4 replications). The data was submitted to regression analysis, analysis of variance and compared by the Tukey test. A higher yield was observed for the ethanol extracts in relation to the dichloromethane extracts. The dichloromethane extracts from leaves and branches from meliaceas significantly affected the survival of the whitefly eggs and nymphs. The ethanol extracts affected the nymphal phase, but did not present ovicidal activity.
Subject(s)
Pheromones/analysis , Solanum lycopersicum/parasitology , Meliaceae/chemistry , Limonins , Hemiptera , Plant Extracts/therapeutic useABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: O trabalho visou introduzir em nosso meio a técnica de biópsia hepática transjugular orientada por métodos radiológicos para a obtenção do diagnóstico histológico em pacientes clínica e laboratorialmente diagnosticados com hepatopatia crônica e com pelo menos uma das contra-indicações à biópsia hepática percutânea: coagulopatia, ascite maciça e anemia crônica acentuada com insuficiência renal crônica ou obesidade mórbida. MÉTODOS: Biópsia hepática aspirativa foi obtida com agulha de Ross modificada, através da punção da veia jugular interna com cateterização da veia hepática direita sob controle fluoroscópico. RESULTADOS: Trinta e nove pacientes foram estudados, obtendo-se tecido hepático em 32 (82 por cento ) sendo satisfatório para diagnóstico histológico em 25 (64,1 por cento ), com concordância entre o diagnóstico pré e pós-biópsia em 11 (28,2 por cento ) e discordância em 14 pacientes (35,9 por cento ). O procedimento foi bem tolerado pela maioria dos pacientes; contudo um paciente apresentou sangramento retroperitoneal, necessitando cirurgia imediata para controle da hemorragia. CONCLUSÕES: A biópsia hepática transjugular é um método diagnóstico útil para o estudo histopatológico na suspeita de hepatopatia crônica com contra-indicações a biópsia hepática percutânea. Em nossa série foi obtido diagnóstico histopatológico em 64,1 por cento dos indivíduos estudados. Pacientes com suspeita clínica de cirrose tiveram baixo diagnóstico histopatológico (50 por cento ) quando comparados com indivíduos sem essa suspeita (78,9 por cento ). O método é relativamente complexo, podendo apresentar complicações graves, e deve ser realizado em centros de excelência em radiologia e hepatologia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Liver Diseases/pathology , Liver/pathology , Biopsy, Needle , Biopsy, Needle/methods , Chronic Disease , Hepatic Veins , Jugular VeinsABSTRACT
The histopathology of the liver is fundamental for the differential diagnosis between intra- and extrahepatic causes of neonatal cholestasis. However, histopathological findings may overlap and there is disagreement among authors concerning those which could discriminate between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. Forty-six liver biopsies (35 wedge biopsies and 11 percutaneous biopsies) and one specimen from a postmortem examination, all from patients hospitalized for neonatal cholestasis in the Pediatrics Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, were prospectively studied using a specially designed histopathological protocol. At least 4 of 5 different stains were used, and 46 hepatic histopathological variables related to the differential diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis were studied. The findings were scored for severity on a scale from 0 to 4. Sections which showed less than 3 spaces were excluded form the study. Sections were examined by a pathologist who was unaware of the final diagnosis of each case. Bile tract permeability was defined by scintigraphy of the bile ducts and operative cholangiography. The F test and discriminant analysis were used as statistical methods for the study of the hepatic histopathological variables. The chi-square method with Yates correction was used to relate the age of the patients on the date of the histopathological study to the discriminatory variables between intra- and extrahepatic cholestaasis selected by the discriminant function test. The most valuable hepatic histopathological variables for the discrimination between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis, in decreasing order of importance, were periportal ductal proliferation, portal ductal proliferation, portal expansion, cholestasis in neoductules, foci of myeloid metaplasia, and portal-portal bridges. The only variable which pointed to the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis was myeloid metaplasia. Due to the small number of patients who were younger than 60 days on the date of the histopathological study (N=6), no variable discriminated between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis before the age of 2 months and all of them, except for the portal expansion, were discriminatory after this age. In infants with cholestasis, foci of myeloid metaplasia, whenever present in the liver biopsy, suggested intrahepatic cholstasis. Periportal ductal proliferation, portal ductal proliferation, portal expansion, cholestasis in neoductules...
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Biliary Atresia/pathology , Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/pathology , Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/pathology , Biopsy, Needle , Chi-Square Distribution , Diagnosis, Differential , Discriminant Analysis , Jaundice, Neonatal/pathology , Liver/pathologyABSTRACT
Transluminal coronary angioplasty is a routine therapeutic intervention in coronary heart disease. Despite the high rate of primary success, restenosis continues to be its major limitation. Porcine models have been considered to be the most adequate experimental models for studying restenosis. One limitation of porcine models is the need for radiological guidance and the expenses involved. The objective of the present study was to adapt an experimental model of angioplasty in the porcine carotid artery that does not require radiological equipment. Eight animals were used to develop the technique of balloon injury to the common carotid artery by dissection without radiological guidance. This technique was then employed in six other animals. Under anesthesia, the left common carotid artery was dissected and incised at the carotid sinus for insertion of an over-the-wire angioplasty balloon towards the aorta. Overstretch injury of the carotid artery was performed under direct visualization. After 30 days, the arteries were excised and pressure-fixated. Uninjured carotid arteries from 3 additional animals were used as controls. A decreased luminal area associated with intimal hyperplasia and medial reaction was observed in all injured arteries. Immunohistochemistry identified the intimal hyperplastic cells as smooth muscle cells. Computerized morphometry of the ballooned segments revealed the following mean areas: lumen 2.12mm2 (+ 1.09), intima 0.22mm2 (+ 0.08), media 3.47mm2 (+ 0.67), and adventitia 1.11mm2 (+ 0.34). Our experimental model of porcine carotid angioplasty without radiological guidance induced a vascular wall reaction and permitted the quantification of this response. This porcine model may facilitate the study of vascular injury and its response to pharmacological interventions.
Subject(s)
Animals , Angioplasty/methods , Disease Models, Animal , Coronary Disease/therapy , SwineABSTRACT
Exames transoperatórios (ET) säo realizados rotineiramente em um hospital geral, e seus resultados determinam os diferentes procedimentos cirurgicos. OBJETIVO. Avaliar o grau de precisäo diagnóstica dos ET e identificar os tipos de erros mais freqüentes. MÉtodos. Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 2.152 ET realizados entre março de 1986 e setembro de 1991, no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). RESULTADOS. Os 2.152 ET corresponderam a 3,7 por cento dos 58.127 exames anatomopatológicos feitos nesse período. Os erros classificados como falsos positivos ocorreram oito vezes (0,4 por cento), os falsos negativos 39 vezes (1,8 por cento) e os diagnósticos postergados para os cortes em parafina (inconclusivos) atingiram 62 casos (2,8 por cento). Os órgäos mais freqüentemente examinados foram linfonodo (19,3 por cento), ovário (17,2 por cento), mama (16,6 por cento) e tiróide (12,4 por cento). A acurácia dos ET foi de 95 por cento, e quando excluídos os 64 casos inconclusivo, a precisäo diagnóstica atingiu 97,8 por cento. CONCLUSäO. Os erros diagnósticos (2,2 por cento) encontrados nos ET realizados no HCPA säo compatíveis com os dados citados na literatura mundial, que variam entre 0,7 por cento e 2,5 por cento
Subject(s)
Frozen Sections , Intraoperative Care , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Diagnostic Errors , Paraffin Embedding , Prospective Studies , Quality ControlABSTRACT
Between 1985 and 1989, at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 101 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) were reviewed in order to evaluate the status of the disease at diagnosis. The cases were obtained from the records of the pathology service of the HCPA. Nodular Melanoma (ND) was the most frequent type (36.6). In males, the predominant site was in the head, neck and trunk while in females it was in the lower limbs Clark level V was found in 35.6 of the cases. In 23.8, the tumor was larger than 4mm in depth according to Breslow classification. These results clearly demonstrate that the diagnosis of CMM is established in later stages of the disease.