Mini-Review: Theoretical and Onsite Evaluation of Hazard Potentials in the Local Production of Wara; an Indigenous West African Soft Cheese.

The effects of food hazards have been felt in various forms over the years by consumers globally. This study attempts to assess and evaluate pertinent hazards inherent in the local production of wara (West African soft cheese) which is traditionally produced in small scale by Fulani women and consumed widely in Nigeria. The producers of wara in most cases are associated with poor hygiene, and their products are usually inconsistent in quality and possess very short shelf life. The processes of milking (collection of milk) from animal sources, transferring of the milk into metal pots for heating, heating of the milk, addition of coagulum, ladling of curds and whey into basket and transferring to container of cool water were identified as possible hazard entry points, which a properly designed quality control system should address. To check these hazards, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system has been proposed, and a major inclusion of this system in local production processes is advocated.

Methods of sputum decontamination with emphasis on local tuberculosis laboratories

One of the major goals for the global control of tuberculosis (TB) in humans is the laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis the causative agent of TB. This organism is present in sputum specimens which are often contaminated by other fast growing microflora. Therefore; the use of rapid and effective diagnostic methods for optimal detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required through different decontamination methods. This review considers some of the decontamination methods that have been described for the recovery of M. tuberculosis based on published print and electronic articles. Some of these methods have limitations which may make them unsuitable for use in most local laboratories in the developing world; and these include unavailability of essential reagents and materials; cost of acquiring equipment; lack of skilled personnel and undue delay in the time of processing samples. Despite these challenges; there are some methods that have potentials of being adapted for use in clinical mycobacteriology laboratories in developing countries particularly Nigeria. With the correct laboratory logistics put in place; the simplified concentration; Kudoh-Kudoh; and modified Petroff methods may go a long way in achieving effective sputum decontaminations under local setting. The potentials and challenges of using other decontamination methods are discussed