ABSTRACT
At present, taxol is an internationally acknowledged drug with a unique anticancer activity in the world and mainly come from Taxus plants, these plants have 12 species, all of which have been listed as endangered tree species and protected by the countries concerned. But available wild Taxus plants resources are rather rare, so it is very urgent to strengthen introduction and cultivation of Taxus plants to meet people's demand for taxol. According to the ecological similarity of growth of Taxus plants predict suitable areas in the whole world, which could put forward rational suggestions for introduction and planning production layout of plants. A geographic information system for global medicinal plants(GMPGIS)was developed by Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences independently, and using GMPGIS analyzed in detail the potential ecological suitable areas of Taxus plants. Ecological range of Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Taxus baccata, Taxus brevifolia and Taxus wallichiana covered a wide field, and had larger suitable area in the northern and southern hemispheres; Taxus cuspidate mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, and only scattered in the southern hemisphere; Taxus canadensis, Taxus floridana and Taxus cuspidata var. nana only distributed in the northern hemisphere, and the latter two prediction areas are relatively less areas; Taxus fauna, Taxus globosa and Taxus sumatrana grew up in relatively strict environment, belong to the niche species, scattered distribution and the distribution of the areas are rare. This research would exert an important promoting effect on the cultivation of Taxus plants and the escalation of abundance to guarantee the sufficient supply of raw materials for taxol production. Finally, this paper summarized the research on the ecological quality and resource conservation of Taxus plants, to provide the reference for scientific introduction and cultivation of Taxus plants.
ABSTRACT
The study aims at providing a new suitable way to promote artificial cultivation, solving the problem of resources increasingly endangered wild medicine, and protecting the wild resources of Tibetan medicine. The content of quercetin,kaempferol and isorhamnetin was determined by HPLC. The correlation between flavonoids components and ecological factors was analyzed using partial least-squares regression (PLSR). Based on Maxent model combining using ArcGIS software, suitable regionalization for H.rhamnoides subsp. sinensis was studied.The results showed that the difference of quercetin,kaempferol and isorhamnetin content in samples from different regions were obvious. The main factors effecting quercetin content accumulation were the altitude andthe average monthly precipitation in January and August. The main factors effecting kaempferol accumulation were the altitude andthe average monthly precipitation in the coldest quarter and December. The main factors effecting isorhamnetin accumulation were the average monthly precipitation in August, January and the coldest quarter.The regional distribution suitability index for H.rhamnoides subsp. sinensis was 0-0.708. The suitable area 590 500 km², accounting for 6.13% of the total area. The preferably suitable area was 552 500 km², accounting for 5.73% of the total area.The methods used in the study is simple and feasible, the result is reliable which provide a new approach for Tibetan medicine resources sustainable exploitation and utilization.
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In order to study the ecology suitability of Pterocephalus hookeri, and provide a reference for GAP planting location and regional development, the Maxent model and GIS technology were used to investigate ecology suitability regions for P. hookeri based on the distribution points collected from Chinese virtual herbarium, the references and field trips. The potential distribution areas mainly concentrated in the eastern Tibet, western Sichuan, southern Qinghai, northwest Yunnan, and southern Gansu. There were 7 major environmental factors to have obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of P. hookeri, including altitude (contribution rate of 62%), precipitation of warmest quarter (contribution rate of 14.4%), coefficient of variation of precipitation seasonality (contribution rate of 7.2%), mean temperature of driest quarter (contribution rate of 3.5%), the electrical conductivity of top and sub-soil (contribution rate of 3%), the total exchangeable bases in the top- and subsoil (contribution rate of 2.4%) and SD of temperature seasonality (contribution rate of 2.2%). The study of the ecological suitability regionalization of P. hookeri based on Maxent model can provide scientific basis for the selection of artificial planting base and GAP planting location.
ABSTRACT
With the development of Tibetan medicine industry, the demands for Tibetan medicine were rising sharply. In addition, with the eco-environment vulnerability of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region and the phenomenon of synonymies and homonymies in Tibetan medicine, there were a lack of resources and varieties in the clinical application of Tibetan medicine. At present, the shortage of Tibetan medicine and the inadequacy of its quality standard have become the two major problems that seriously restricted the sustainable development of Tibetan medicine industry. Therefore, it is important to develop the resources investigation and quality evaluation for Tibetan medicine, which were contribute to its resources protection and sustainable utilization. In this paper, current status of resources investigation, quality standardization, artificial breeding and germplasm resources of Tibetan medicine were presented by the integrated application of the new technologies, such as DNA barcoding and 1H-NMR, which provided a reference information for resources protection, sustainable utilization, variety identification and quality standardization of Tibetan medicine resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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The ecology suitability and ecological characteristics of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen were studied to provide a reference for its artificial introduction and cultivation. The maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) and geographic information system (GIS) were used to investigate the global ecology suitability regions for Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen based on its 67 distribution points collected from global biodiversity information facility (GBIF), Chinese virtual herbarium (CVH) and the related references. The results showed that the possible ecological suitable regions of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen were located in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Fujian and Chongqing provinces. The areas with ecological similarity higher than 60% were about 89 571.3 square kilometers in total, mainly distributing in Yu nnan and Guangxi provinces and small portion was located in Guangdong and Guizhou provinces. The areas with ecological similarity between 40% and 60% were about 155 172 square kilometers, mainly in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan provinces. The distribution areas were about 329 952.8 square
ABSTRACT
Wildlife tending and artificial cultivation is an important way to protect the wild resources of Rhodiola crenulata. It is a study hotspot at present. The distribution information of R. crenulata was collected by query data and field survey, the ecological suitability regionalization was conducted based on maximum entropy model combine with ecological factors, including climate, soil and altitude. To provide the reference for production layout, suitable planting area and the selection of artificial planting base by studying the ecological suitability regionalization of R. crenulata. The potential distribution areas mainly concentrated in the easen Tibet, western Sichuan, southern Qinghai, and Gansu Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. There were 5 major environmental factors to have obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of R. crenulata, including altitude (contribution rate of 61.8%), precipitation of warmest quarter (contribution rate of 19%), the coefficient of variation of precipitation seasonality (contribution rate of 4.7%), the SD of temperature seasonality (contribution rate of 4%), mean temperature of driest quarter (contribution rate of 2.5%). The AUCs of ROC curve were both above 0.9, indicating that the predictive results with the Maxent model were highly precise. The study of the ecological suitability regionalization of R. crenulata based on Maxent can provide a scientific basis for the selection of artificial planting base.
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RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a newly-developed method in transcriptome research, it can afford more accurate transcription information and be more quickly by using Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. RNA-Seq has been widely used in various biological fields. Genuine traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), with good quality and therapeutic effect, were always praised highly and used by famous physicians. The geo-herbalism formation of TCM is based on the product of the gene expression at specific space and time. So it has been a research hotspot to analyze the mechanism of biosynthesis through RNA-Seq in the study on the secondary metabolism of medicinal plant. This article mainly illustrates the RNA-Seq and its advantages, it also discusses the potential application in genuine TCM, and it can provide useful information for other researchers.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Gene Expression Profiling , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plants, Medicinal , Genetics , RNA , Sequence Analysis, RNA , TranscriptomeABSTRACT
Genuine medicinal materials with special characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is recognized as high quality medicine. Both ancient records and modern research considered that the origin is an important reason for the formation of genuine medicinal materials. However, blindly transplanting of genuine medicinal materials has led to the quality decline and counterfeit medicines appeared in production or sale progress, which may increase the risk of accidents in TCM. Frequent accidents emerged in Chinese herbal affects its export. What's more, it is a great threat to the medication safety in TCM clinical. There is an urgent need to implement traceability systems of TCM, which could provide convenient information record and traceability of TCM circulation. This paper reviews a variety of technical methods for genuine medicinal materials traceability, and proposed the establishment of genuine medicinal materials traceability system based on two-dimensional code and network database.
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Databases, Factual , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Economics , Reference Standards , Medicine, Chinese TraditionalABSTRACT
In order to study the spectral reflectance differences of Glycyrrhizae Radix under different growth conditions and lay the foundation for quantitative monitoring of Glycyrrhizae Radix remote sensing images, spectra of Glycyrrhiza species under different growth period and different varieties and different regions were measured by a portable spectrometer. The results showed that the reflectivity of annual G. uralensis was obviously higher than that of the two years plant in the visible light band own to the contents of crown layer chlorophyll. The reflectivity of two years G. pallidiflora was higher than that of G. uralensis in the near infrared band own to the leaf area index and the content of leaf water. The red edge spectrum of annual plant fluctuated largely than that of two years plant due to vegetation coverage and leaf area index. G. pallidiflora grew well than G. uralensis. Under different regions of the Glycyrrhiza species, spectral data analysis showed that within a certain range, the average annual precipitation and average annual evaporation were the major factors to affect the differences of Glycyrrhiza species spectral data under different regions owe to the leaf water content, the higher leaf water content, the lower spectral reflectance. The principal component analysis and continuum-removed method of the spectral data under different regions found that, within a certain range, the average annual precipitation and average annual evaporation were the major factors caused by the differences of Glycyrrhiza species spectral data under the different regions, Glycyrrhiza species spectral similarity related to the spatial distance.
Subject(s)
Geography , Glycyrrhiza , Chemistry , Principal Component Analysis , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
Quality variation and ecotype classification of Chinese herbal medicine are important scientific problems in Daodi herbal medicine research. The diversity of natural environmental conditions has led to form unique multi-Daodi, multi-product areas that produce particular Chinese herbal medicine. China is one of three big American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) producing areas worldwide, with over 300 years of application and 40 years of cultivation history. Long-term production practice has led to the formation of three big advocate produce areas in China: Northeast province, Beijing and Shandong. P. quinquefolium L. grown under certain environmental conditions will develop long-term adaptations that will lead to more stable strains (different ecotypes). P. quinquefolium L., can vary greatly in quality; however, the ecological mechanisms causing this variation are still unclear. Root samples were collected from four-year-old cultivated P. quinquefolium L. plants in the three major genuine (Daodi) American ginseng-producing areas of Northeast province, Beijing and Shandong province, China. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the contents of eight ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg2). Data for nine ecological factors, including temperature, moisture and sunlight, were obtained from the ecological database of Geographic Information System for Traditional Chinese Medicine. Soil samples from the sampling sites were collected. Effective boron and iron, available nitrogen and potassium, as well as other trace elements and soil nutrients, were determined by conventional soil physicochemical property assay methods. Analytical methods of biostatistics and numerical taxonomy were used to divide ecotypes of the three main Panax quinquefolium L. producing areas in China based on ginsenoside content, climate, soil and other ecological factors. To our knowledge, this is the first time that ecological division of P. quinquefolium L. producing areas in China has ever been conducted. The results show that there are two chemoecotypes of P. quinquefolium L. in China: ginsenoside Rb1-Re from outside Shanhaiguan, and ginsenoside Rg2-Rd from inside Shanhaiguan. Similarly, there are two types of climatic characteristics: inside Shanhaiguan (Beijing, Shandong) and outside Shanhaiguan (Northeast). This suggests that the formation and differentiation of chemoecotypes of P. quinquefolium L. is closely related to variability of the climatic and geographical environment. Additionally, ecological variation of the three main producing areas, characteristics of two climatic ecotypes, and soil characteristics are also discussed and summarized. These results provide experimental scientific evidence of the quality variation and ecological adaptation of P. quinquefolium L. from different producing areas. They also deepen our understanding of the biological nature of Daodi P. quinquefolium L. formation, and offer novel research models for other multi-origin, multi-Daodi Chinese herbal medicines ecotypes. In addition, the results demonstrate the critical need for improving quality, appropriate ecological regionalization and promoting industrialized development of P. quinquefolium L.
Subject(s)
Biodiversity , China , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Climate , Cluster Analysis , Ecotype , Ginsenosides , Panax , Chemistry , Classification , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Classification , Soil , TemperatureABSTRACT
This paper is aimed to establish the method of fingerprint analysis of chemical constituents by reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) for the quality control of the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma). The method was performed on a ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm x 2.1 mm ID, 1.7 microm) with a mixed mobile phase of water and acetonitrile in a gradient mode. The flow rate was 0.3 mL x min(-1) and the wavelength of measurement was 203 nm. Eleven batches of the Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma were determined. The UPLC chromatographic fingerprints of chemical constituents were established from the eleven batches of the Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and showed fifteen characteristic common peaks, among which fifteen peaks were recognized and nine compounds (ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd) were determined by comparison with chromatographic behaviors and UV spectra of the authentic compounds. The eleven batches of samples were classified as two clusters by hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA), and six samples were confirmed to establish the mutual model. The quality was assessed by similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of TCM (2004B Version). The convenient and high specific method can be used to identify and evaluate the quality of the Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Cluster Analysis , Ginsenosides , Panax , Chemistry , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Principal Component Analysis , Quality Control , Rhizome , ChemistryABSTRACT
The TCMGIS- I (Suitability evaluation geographic information system of traditional Chinese medicine producing area ) was developed and used to analyze the appropriate producing area of Phellodendron amurense in China. Taoshan county of Heilongjiang province, one of the main producing areas of the geo-authentic crude drug, was selected as the analytical basal place. The results show that besides traditional producing area in Taoshan county of Heilongjiang province, 131 counties of the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Innermongolia are also alternative areas according to the eco-soil condition that the medicinal plants needed, and the sum area are 567 989. 3 m2, the results also indicate some condign regions in Innermongolia municipality. The system is much valuable to the division of adaptive area, introduction and acclimatization of medicinal materials.
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Acclimatization , China , Ecosystem , Geographic Information Systems , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Phellodendron , PhysiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the appropriate producing area of Cistanche tubulosa by mean of TCMGIS-I.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The TCMGIS-I (Suitability evaluation geographic information system of traditional Chinese medicine producing area) was used to analyze the appropriate producing area of C. tubulosa basing on the optimum ecological factors of Sorth Sinkiang municipality which is the traditional producing area of C. tubulosa.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The suitable producing areas of C. tubulosa include 56 counties with 190952.1 km2 total areas in Sinkiang municipality, Neimongd municipality and Gansu province; Sinkiang municipality, Gansu and Qinghai provinces have the second-suitable producing areas of C. tubulosa, with 46 counties and 41217.37 km2 total areas; Sinkiang municipality, Inner Mongolia municipality, Gansu province and Ningxia municipality have the third-suitable producing areas of C. tubulosa with 56 counties and 421145.2 km2 total areas.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is important to analyze the appropriate producing area of C. tubulosa by means of TCMGIS-I. The results are useful for development of C. tubulosa transplanting and cultivation.</p>
Subject(s)
China , Cistanche , Geographic Information Systems , GeographyABSTRACT
The development and advancement in many subjects and technology promote the foundation of new monitoring system in plant medicinal materials. The new plant medicinal materials monitoring system with multilevel remote sensing panel and different resolution is necessity of technology development and needs of reality. The paper discusses the idea of the new multilevel remote sensing system and studies the related key problems and mathematical theory, increasing the survey precision of plant medicinal materials, providing definite guidance and theory value.
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Geographic Information Systems , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To supply the scientific data for the choice of medicinal plants' producing area through analyzing the suitable area for Panax quinquefolium' growth.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>TCMGIS-I (Suitability evaluation geographic information system of traditional Chinese medicine producing area) was developed and used to analyze the suitable producing area of P. quinquefolium Wisconsin state of USA, one of the origin producing area of the geo-authentic crude drugs, was selected as the standard analytical area and some key factors related to plant growth such as average temperature, altitude, soil type, precipitation were chosen to be considered.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The result showed that the suitable area for P. quinquefolium' growth in China is similar to the present status. It concentrates in the northeast and the north of China, and part of Shanxi province is also suitable but the field area is small.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The development of P. quinquefolium in China should concentrate in the northeast and the north of China. The TCMGIS-I is valuable to the analysis of suitable producing area and introduction of medicinal plant.</p>
Subject(s)
China , Climate , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Feasibility Studies , Panax , Soil , WisconsinABSTRACT
Sustainable utilization and bio-diversity protection of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been a hotspot of the TCM study at present, in which the choice of appropriate method is one of the primary problems confronted. This paper described the technical system, equipment and image processing of low altitude remote sensing, and analyzed its future application in Chinese herb medicinal sustainable utilization.
Subject(s)
Altitude , Conservation of Natural Resources , Methods , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Robotics , MethodsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the appropriate producing area of Cistanche desertiola.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The TCMGIS-I (suitability evaluation geographic information system of traditional Chinese medicine producing area) was used to analyze the appropriate producing area of C. desertiola basing on the optimum ecological factors of Aalashan, Inner-Mongolia autonomous region and North Xinjiang au-tonomous region, the traditional producing areas of C. desertiola.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results showed that the suitable producing areas of C. desertiola included 159 counties of 5 autonomous regions and provinces, i.e. Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia autonomous regions, and Gansu as well as Qinghai provinces. The total area was 675 354.9 km2 and distributed mainly in Aalashan of Inner Mongolia, eastern part of North Xinjiang, northern part of Gansu and in the middle of Ningxia.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The suitable producing areas based on TCMGIS-I covered all areas registered in the 3rd national investigation of Chinese traditional medicine resource. And the results were also corresponding to the traditional producing area of C. desertiola recorded in ancient literature and the successful cultivation areas nowadays. It suggested the rationality and reliability of TCMGIS-I.</p>