Condición de salud y cumplimiento de la guía clínica chilena para el cuidado del paciente diabético tipo / Health condition and compliance of the chilean clinical guideline for type 2 diabetic patients

Objetivo: Identificar condición de salud (CS) de los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Medir el cumplimiento de las atenciones de salud según guía clínica. Identificar variables asociadas a CS. Material y método: estudio de pre-valencia, abril 2010. Población: 1.100 pacientes DM2 controlados en Programa Cardiovascular, considerando criterios de inclusión, exclusión, consentimiento informado. Muestra: 340 por aleatorización simple (confianza 95 por ciento merma 10 por ciento). Recolección de datos realizada en CESFAM o visita domiciliaria por investigadoras e internas de enfermería entrenadas, con encuesta validada, exámenes, plantilla para información y ficha clínica. Para el análisis se utilizó estadística descriptiva, Chi2, Odds Ratios con IC (95 por ciento). Resultados: CS: descompensados (HbA1c>7 por ciento) 56.5 por ciento, patologías agregadas 97.9 por ciento, complicaciones 25 por ciento, mayor frecuencia retinopatía diabética. hombres mayor riesgo de amputación (p=0.003). Presión arterial >130/85 mm.hg. 58.2 por ciento, sobrepeso-obesidad 71.2 por ciento, autovalencia (adultos mayores) 23.1 por ciento. Cumplimiento recomendaciones ministeriales: controles/profesionales/año a lo menos cinco 41.5 por ciento, CESFAM adapta esta recomendación. Evaluación anual de: pie diabético 78 por ciento, fondo ojo 41,6 por ciento. Indicación régimen (nutricionista) último control 80 por ciento. Cinco controles profesionales/ año o más es protector de compensación de diabetes, IC (0.62-0.95), resto de recomendaciones y adaptación de éstas no se asocian a condición de salud (p > 0.05). Conclusiones: Los componentes de condición de salud están en general por sobre lo esperado. En ningún paciente se cumple en un 100 por ciento las recomendaciones de la guía clínica. Cinco o más controles profesionales anuales se asocian a compensación de la diabetes. Importante cumplir recomendaciones para mejorar control metabólico y disminuir/retrasar complicaciones para una mejor calidad de vida de pacientes.

Objectives: To determine compliance with Chilean clinical guideline and to measure their impact through evaluation of patient’s health condition (HC), to determine associations. Methods: prevalence study, April 2010. Population: 1,100 diabetic patients controlled in the Cardiovascular Program, considering criteria of inclusion, exclusion, informed consent. Sample: 340 randomized patients (Confidence level: 95 percent; Loss: 10 percent). Information was collected in an outpatient clinic and through home visits performed by researchers and trained senior nursing students, with a validated survey, exams, staff for file information. For the purposes of the analysis, descriptive statistics was used, Chi2, Odds Ratios with CI (95 percent). Results: HC: decompensation (HbA1c>7 percent 56.5 percent derived illnesses 97.9 percent, complications 25 percent, greater frequency of diabetic retinopathy. Males with greater risk of amputation (p=0.003). Blood pressure >130/85 mm. hg. 58.2 percent, overweight-obesity 71.2 percent, self-care (older adults) 23.1 percent. Compliance with clinical guideline: controls/professionals/year at least five 41.5 percent, CESFAM adapts this recommendation. Annual evaluation of: diabetic foot 78 percent, fundoscopy 41.6 percent. Regime indication (dietician) last control 80 percent. Five professional controls/year or more protect compensation for diabetes, IC (0.62-0.95), other recommendations and adaptation of recommendations are not associated with health status (p > 0.05). Conclusions: components of hC are better than expected. In none of the patients are the recommendations of the clinical guideline fulfilled in a 100 percent. 5 or more annual outpatient visits are associated to good metabolic control. Compliance with clinical guideline recommendations is important to improve metabolic control, to lessen complications and to improve patient’s quality of life.

The selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors valdecoxib and piroxicam induce the same postoperative analgesia and control of trismus and swelling after lower third molar removal

We compared the clinical efficacy of orally administered valdecoxib and piroxicam for the prevention of pain, trismus and swelling after removal of horizontally and totally intrabony impacted lower third molars. Twenty-five patients were scheduled to undergo removal of symmetrically positioned lower third molars in two separate appointments. Valdecoxib (40 mg) or piroxicam (20 mg) was administered in a double-blind, randomized and crossed manner for 4 days after the surgical procedures. Objective and subjective parameters were recorded for comparison of postoperative courses. Both agents were effective for postoperative pain relief (N = 19). There was a similar mouth opening at suture removal compared with the preoperative values (86.14 ± 4.36 and 93.12 ± 3.70 percent of the initial measure for valdecoxib and piroxicam, respectively; ANOVA). There was no significant difference regarding the total amount of rescue medication taken by the patients treated with valdecoxib or piroxicam (173.08 ± 91.21 and 461.54 ± 199.85 mg, respectively; Wilcoxon test). There were no significant differences concerning the swelling observed on the second postoperative day compared to baseline measures (6.15 ± 1.84 and 8.46 ± 2.04 mm for valdecoxib and piroxicam, respectively; ANOVA) or on the seventh postoperative day (1.69 ± 1.61 and 2.23 ± 2.09 mm for valdecoxib and piroxicam, respectively; ANOVA). The cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor valdecoxib is as effective as the non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor piroxicam for pain, trismus and swelling control after removal of horizontally and totally intrabony impacted lower third molars.

Diagnóstico microbiológico de la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad / Microbiologic diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in adults

Microbiological analysis allows us to identify the etiology of pneumonia and its in vitro susceptibility pattern. Antibiotic treatment directed against a known pathogen enables us to narrow antibacterial spectrum of action, and to reduce costs, drug adverse effects risk and antibiotic resistance. However it is unnecessary to perform extended microbiological studies in all patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Etiological studies must be based in pneumonia severity, epidemiological risk factors and clinical response to empirical treatment. Routine microbiological analysis for ambulatory patients is not recommended. In patients with persistent cough and worsening in their general conditions, a sputum sample must be obtained to perform an acid-fast smear and Mycobacterium culture. The risk of complications and death of patients hospitalized with CAP justifies basic microbiological exploration (sputum Gram staining and culture, blood cultures, pleural fluid culture) intending to obtain a more accurate etiology of pulmonary infection and to guide specific antibiotic treatment. Paired serum samples obtained to document atypical pathogen infections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae) and urine sample to detect Legionella pneumophila antigenuria are recommended in all CAP severely ill patients that are admitted to ICU, in those not responding to betalactamic drug treatment and in selected patients with specific epidemiological risks. A microbiological study would be useful in management of patients with severe CAP pneumonia outbreaks with clinical-epidemiological particular characteristics, and in-patients with empirical antimicrobial treatment failure

Los exámenes microbiológicos permiten identificar el agente causal de la neumonía y su patrón de sensibilidad a antimicrobianos. El tratamiento anti infeccioso dirigido contra un patógeno conocido permite reducir el espectro de acción de los fármacos, los costos, el riesgo de reacciones adversas y de la resistencia antimicrobiana. Sin embargo, no es necesario realizar estudios microbiológicos extensos a todos los pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC). Los estudios deben estar guiados por la gravedad de la neumonía, los factores de riesgo epidemiológico y la respuesta al tratamiento empírico. No se recomienda realizar investigaciones microbiológicas rutinarias en los pacientes manejados en el medio ambulatorio. En pacientes con tos persistente y compromiso de su estado general, se debe obtener muestras de expectoración para baciloscopia y cultivo de Koch. El riesgo de complicaciones y muerte de los enfermos hospitalizados por NAC justifica la realización de exámenes microbiológicos básicos (tinción de Gram y cultivo de expectoración, hemocultivos, cultivo de líquido pleural) que intentarán precisar el agente causal de la infección pulmonar y orientar el tratamiento antimicrobiano específico. Se recomienda obtener muestras de suero pareadas para la pesquisa de patógenos atípicos (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae) y una muestra de orina para la detección de Legionella pneumophila en todos los pacientes con NAC grave admitidos a la UCI, en aquellos que no responden a agentes b-lactámicos y en pacientes seleccionados con riesgo epidemiológico específico. El estudio microbiológico podría ser útil en el manejo de pacientes con NAC grave, brotes de neumonía con características clínico-epidemiológicas particulares, y en pacientes con fracaso del tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico