Linkage and mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with angular leaf spot and powdery mildew resistance in common beans

Abstract Angular leaf spot (ALS) and powdery mildew (PWM) are two important fungi diseases causing significant yield losses in common beans. In this study, a new genetic linkage map was constructed using single sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in a segregating population derived from the AND 277 x SEA 5 cross, with 105 recombinant inbred lines. Phenotypic evaluations were performed in the greenhouse to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance by means of the composite interval mapping analysis. Four QTLs were identified for ALS resistance. The QTL ALS11AS, linked on the SNP BAR 5054, mapped on chromosome Pv11, showed the greatest effect (R2 = 26.5%) on ALS phenotypic variance. For PWM resistance, two QTLs were detected, PWM2AS and PWM11AS, on Pv2 and Pv11, explaining 7% and 66% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Both QTLs on Pv11 were mapped on the same genomic region, suggesting that it is a pleiotropic region. The present study resulted in the identification of new markers closely linked to ALS and PWM QTLs, which can be used for marker-assisted selection, fine mapping and positional cloning.

Amplification of the cap20 pathogenicity gene and genetic characterization using different markers molecular in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates

Studies were performed to analyze the genetic characterization using RFLP-ITS and Intron (primer EI1) markers and the amplification of the cap20 pathogenicity gene by PCR in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates of different hosts plant. The genetic variability was accessed using RFLP-ITS and Intron markers and grouping by UPGMA method. Primers to cap20 gene were constructed using selected sequences of the GenBank (National Center of Biotechnology Information, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) with the Primer 3 program. The dendrograms analysis showed that the RFLP-ITS marker was more informative to separate the Colletotrichum sp, and that primer EI1 demonstrated greater genetic diversity. The amplification of the DNA of the Colletotrichum isolates to the cap20 gene with primers P1 and P2 indicated that this gene could present variations into C. gloeosporioides related with the host, and also that it was present in other Colletotrichum sp.

Estudos foram realizados para analisar a caracterização genética usando marcadores de RFLP-ITS e ISSP e a amplicação do gene de patogenicidade cap20 por PCR em isolados de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides de diferentes hospedeiros. Primers para o gene cap20 foram construídos a partir de seqüências selecionadas do GenBank (National Center of Biotechnology Information, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) com o programa Primer 3. A análise dos dendrogramas revelou que o marcador RFLP-ITS foi mais informativo em separar as espécies de Colletotrichum, e que o primer EI1 evidenciou maior diversidade genética. A amplificação do DNA dos isolados de Colletotrichum para o gene cap20 com os primers P1 e P2 indicou que este gene pode apresentar variações dentro de C. gloeosporioides relacionada ao hospedeiro, e que também está presente em outras espécies de Colletotrichum.

Resistência de variedades comerciais de cana-de-açúcar ao agente causal do raquitismo-da-soqueira / Resistance of sugarcane commercials cultivars to causal agent of ratoon stunting disease

O raquitismo-da-soqueira (RSD), causado pela bactéria Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cana-de-açúcar nas regiões produtoras do mundo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o grau de resistência de 10 variedades comerciais RB de cana-de-açúcar mais a variedade CB 49-260, a qual foi incluída como padrão suscetível. O trabalho visou avaliar os danos amostrados em campo pelo peso das parcelas em função da relação entre a produtividade de parcelas inoculadas e não inoculadas artificialmente com a bactéria. Os resultados mostraram que as variedades RB 72 454, RB 83 5486, RB 86 7515, RB 92 5211, RB 92 5268, RB 92 5345, RB 92 8064 e a variedade padrão CB 49-260 comportaram-se como variedades suscetíveis. A variedade RB 85 5156 comportou-se como de resistência intermediária e apenas as variedades RB 85 5453 e RB 85 5536 comportaram-se como tolerantes.

Ratoon stunting disease (RSD) caused by bacteria Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli is one of the most economically important disease of sugarcane worldwide. The present survey had objective to evaluate the resistance of 10 RB commercial cultivars of sugarcane including CB 49-260 as a susceptible standard. The study evaluated the correlating the damages presented for overhauls productivity of inoculate and non inoculate parcels with the bacteria. The results showed that varieties RB 72 454, RB 83 5486, RB 86 7515, RB 92 8064, RB 92 5211, RB 92 5345 and RB 92 5268 were susceptible. RB 85 5156 had a intermediary resistance and varieties RB 85 5453 and RB 85 5536 both showed tolerant behavior.

An AFLP marker linked to the Pm-1 gene that confers resistance to Podosphaera xanthii race 1 in Cucumis melo

Brazil produced 330,000 metric tons of melons in 2005, principally in the Northeast region where one of the most important melon pathogens is the powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii. The disease is controlled mainly by incorporating single dominant resistance genes into commercial hybrids. We report on linkage analysis of the Pm-1 resistance gene, introgressed from the AF125Pm-1 Cantalupensis Charentais-type breeding line into the yellow-fleshed melon (Group Inodorus) breeding line AF426-S by backcrossing to produce the resistant line AF426-R, and the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker M75/H35_155 reported to be polymorphic between AF426-S and AF426-R. Segregation analysis of M75/H35_155 using a backcross population of 143 plants derived from [AF426-R x AF426-S] x AF426-S and screened for resistance to P. xanthii race 1 produced a recombination frequency of 4.9 percent, indicating close linkage between M75/H35_155 and Pm-1. Using the same segregating population, the M75/H35_155 marker had previously been reported to be distantly linked to Prv¹, a gene conferring resistance to papaya ringspot virus-type W. Since M75/H35_155 is linked to Prv¹ at a distance of 40.9 cM it is possible that Pm-1 and Prv¹ are also linked.

Controle genético da resistência à mancha-de-Phaeosphaeria em milho / Genetic control of resistance to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot in maize

A mancha-de-Phaeosphaeria, de ampla ocorrência no Brasil, tem causado expressiva redução na produtividade da cultura do milho no país. Por isso, o desenvolvimento de híbridos resistentes à doença é um dos principais objetivos dos programas de melhoramento genético da cultura. Informações sobre o controle genético da resistência à doença são necessárias para que os programas de melhoramento sejam eficientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o controle genético da resistência à mancha-de-Phaeosphaeria em milho a partir da avaliação das médias de gerações oriundas de dois cruzamentos entre linhagens resistentes (DAS95 ou DAS72) com uma suscetível (DAS21), sob condições de infecção natural da doença. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em Indianópolis (MG), em duas épocas de semeadura, outubro e novembro de 2000. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com três repetições. A avaliação para resistência foi realizada 30 dias após o florescimento com auxílio de uma escala diagramática de porcentagem de tecido foliar total da planta afetado pela doença. As médias da severidade da doença dos genitores e das gerações F1, F2, RCP1 e RCP2 foram analisadas segundo o modelo de MATHER & JINKS (1971). A variação genética devida a efeitos aditivos foi de 73 a 84 por cento, enquanto, devido aos efeitos dominantes, foi de 13 a 23 por cento. Foi evidenciada a predominância dos efeitos gênicos aditivos sobre dominantes em ambas as populações estudadas. Os valores da herdabilidade foram altos, variando de 61 a 88 por cento. Os resultados indicaram condições favoráveis ao melhoramento genético visando àresistência à mancha-de-Phaeospheria nas populações estudadas.

The Phaeosphaeria leaf spot, of ample occurrence in Brazil, has been causing an expressive reduction in the corn yield in the country. Thus, the development of resistant hybrids to this disease is one of the main objectives of corn breeding programs. Information about the genetic control of resistance to the disease is necessary so that the programs can be efficient. The main goal of this study was to determine the genetic control of resistance to the Phaeosphaeria leaf spot in maize through the assessment of the generation means from two crossing between a resistant inbred line (DAS95 or DAS72) with a susceptible line (DAS21) under natural infection conditions of the disease. The experiment was carried out in Indianópolis (MG) in two sowen dates, October and November, 2000. The randomized blocks design with three repetitions was utilized. The evaluation to resistance was performed thirty days after the flowering using a diagrammatic scale of percentage of the total foliar tissue of the plant affected by the disease. Disease severity means of parental lines and generations F1, F2, RCP1 and RCP2 were analysed according to the model by MATHER & JINKS (1971). Genetic variation due to additive effects varied from 73 percent to 84 percent whilst dominant effects ranged from 13 percent to 23 percent. In both studied population, the predominance of gene additive over dominant effects was evidented. The inheritance values were high, varying from 61 percent to 88 percent. These results indicate favourable conditions to develop new resistance lines to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot with the studied populations.

Chromosomal locations of the maize (Zea mays L.) HtP and rt genes that confer resistance to Exserohilum turcicum

We used 125 microsatellite markers to genotype the maize (Zea mays L.) near isogenic lines (NIL) L30HtPHtPRtRt and L30htphtpRtRt and the L40htphtprtrt line which contrast regarding the presence of the recently described dominant HtP and the recessive rt genes that confer resistance to Exserohilum turcicum. Five microsatellite markers revealed polymorphisms between the NIL and were considered candidate linked markers for the HtP resistance gene. Linkage was confirmed by bulked segregant sample (BSS) analysis of 32 susceptible and 34 resistant plants from a BC1F1 population derived from the cross (L30HtPHtPRtRt x L40htphtprtrt) x L40htphtprtrt. The bnlg198 and dupssr25 markers, both located on maize chromosome 2L (bin 2.08), were polymorphic between bulks. Linkage distances were estimated based on co-segregation data of the 32 susceptible plants and indicated distances of 28.7 centimorgans (cM) between HtP and bnlg198 and 23.5 cM between HtP and dupssr25. The same set of susceptible plants was also genotyped with markers polymorphic between L30HtPHtPRtRt and L40htphtprtrt in order to find markers linked to the rt gene. Marker bnlg197, from chromosome 3L (bin 3.06), was found linked to rt at a distance of 9.7 cM. This is the first report on the chromosomal locations of these newly described genes.

New resistance genes in the Zea mays: exserohilum turcicum pathosystem

The use of monogenic race-specific resistance is widespread for the control of maize (Zea mays L.) helminthosporiosis caused by Exserohilum turcicum. Inoculation of 18 Brazilian isolates of E. turcicum onto elite maize lines containing previously identified resistance genes and onto differential near-isogenic lines allowed the identification of new qualitative resistance genes. The inoculation of one selected isolate on differential near-isogenic lines, F1 generations and a BC1F1 population from the referred elite lines enabled the characterization of the resistance spectrum of three new genes, one dominant (HtP), one recessive (rt) and a third with non-identified genetic action. Three physiological races of the pathogen were also identified including two with new virulence factors capable of overcoming the resistance of one of the resistance genes identified here (rt).

Genetic analysis of soybean resistance to Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines

In order to study the genetic control of soybean resistance to sudden death syndrome (SDS), a 5 x 5 diallel with the F2 generation, without the reciprocals, was carried out in a greenhouse. The following parents were used: Forrest, MG/BR-46 (Conquista), IAC-4, FT-Cristalina, and FT-Estrela. The first two cultivars are more resistant to SDS than IAC-4, which is considered to be moderately resistant to SDS, and the last two cultivars are highly susceptible. The fungus was inoculated with three colonized sorghum grains placed at the bottom of the holes with two soybean seeds. Single plants were evaluated between 14 and 37 days after emergency based on foliar severity symptoms (1-5) of SDS. The disease incidence and a disease index were also calculated for each plot (clay pots with five plants each). The analysis for severity and disease index was performed only with the data of the 37th day after emergence. Additive and dominant genetic effects were detected by Jinks-Hayman's analysis, but the dominant genetic effects were higher. The genetic parameters estimated indicated that the average degree of dominance showed the presence of overdominance; at least three loci or genic blocks that exhibited dominance were responsible for the genetic control of SDS resistance; the estimates of narrow-sense heritabilities were moderate (0.48 to 0.62), but in the broad-sense they were higher (0.90 to 0.95), thus reinforcing the presence of dominance effects; and the resistance to SDS was controlled mostly by dominant alleles. Five microsatellite markers (Satt163, Satt309, Satt354, Satt371 and Satt570), reported as linked to five QRLs of the SDS, were used to genotype the parents and showed the possibility of occurrence of multiallelism in those loci, but this evidence did not invalidate the fitting of the data to the Jinks-Hayman's model.