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1.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol. (En línea) ; 87(4): 279-284, ago. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407854

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los índices térmico y mecánico son estimadores de riesgo fetal en una ecografía y se deben controlar sus valores minimizando la exposición. Comparamos los valores de los índices térmico y mecánico obtenidos en exámenes ecográficos obstétricos de pacientes gestantes, con el valor recomendado por la comunidad internacional. Se realizó la estimación de estos índices en 421 ecografías obstétricas en 2019. Los valores fueron comparados entre ellos y con el valor recomendado para cada índice y según el modo de visualización (B, Doppler color y Doppler espectral). Del total de la muestra, para el índice térmico en modo Doppler color un 0,24% superó el valor estándar recomendado y en modo Doppler espectral un 2,85%. Para el índice mecánico se sobrepasó el valor recomendado en modo B en un 11,16%, en un 8,08% en modo Doppler color y, por último, en un 0,48% para el modo Doppler espectral. Los índices mecánico y térmico en esta muestra de exámenes ecográficos obstétricos se encuentran en promedio bajo el valor de referencia. Sin embargo, existe un número importante de casos en que se superan las normas, lo que debe ser una voz de alerta para la comunidad médica.


Abstract The thermal and mechanical indices are the best estimators of fetal risk in an ultrasound and their values should be controlled in order to minimize exposure as much as possible. We compared the values of the thermal and mechanical indices obtained in obstetric ultrasound examinations of pregnant patients, with the value recommended by the international community. These indices were estimated in 421 obstetric ultrasounds during 2019. The estimated values were compared with each other and with the recommended value for each index and according to the display mode (B, color Doppler and spectral Doppler). Of the total sample, for the thermal index in color Doppler mode, 0.24% exceeded the recommended standard value and 2.85%. in spectral Doppler mode. For the mechanical index, the recommended value was exceeded in B mode by 11.16%, in 8.08% in color Doppler mode and, finally, by 0.48% for spectral Doppler mode. The mechanical and thermal indices in this sample of obstetric ultrasound examinations are on average below the reference value. However, there is a significant number of cases in which the standards are exceeded, which should be a warning to the medical community.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods , Obstetrics/methods , Reference Values , Temperature , Acoustics , Gestational Age , Ultrasonography, Doppler , Risk Assessment , Patient Safety
2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 39(2): 138-148, abr. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388351

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las parasitosis son un problema de salud pública mundial por su alta prevalencia en países en vías de desarrollo, su persistencia en países desarrollados debido principalmente por la migración de personas, y por su morbi-mortalidad asociada. OBJETIVO: Determinar las defunciones causadas por parasitosis endémicas e importadas en Chile, según región, sexo, grupo etario, procedencia urbana/rural y nivel educacional, y estimar tasas de mortalidad. MÉTODO: Estudio de base poblacional y serie de tiempo de mortalidad (1997 a 2020). Los análisis estadísticos fueron realizados mediante programas Excel y R Studio, cálculo de χ2, valor p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: 2.413 muertes fueron causadas por parásitos, 65,1% por protozoos, 33% por helmintos y 1,9% por artrópodos. La tasa promedio de mortalidad nacional fue de 0,6 por cada 100 mil habitantes. Las principales causas de fallecimiento fueron: enfermedad de Chagas (63,6%), hidatidosis (24,3%) y cisticercosis (8,1%). La mayoría de los fallecidos pertenecía a la Región de Coquimbo. La edad promedio de defunción fue de 74, 62 y 67 años para muertes por protozoos, helmintos y artrópodos, respectivamente. Las defunciones ocurrieron mayormente en hombres. La mayoría provenía de zona urbana y poseían un nivel educacional bajo. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad de Chagas es la principal causa de muerte por parasitosis en Chile.


BACKGROUND: Parasites are a public health problem due to their high prevalence in developing countries, their persistence in developed countries mainly due to the migration of people, and their associated morbidity and mortality. AIM: To determine the deaths in Chile caused by endemic and imported parasites; according to region, sex, age group, urban-rural origin and educational level, and mortality rates. METHOD: Population-based study, times series of mortality (1997 to 2020). Statistical analysis was performed using Excel and R Studio programs, calculation of χ2, p value < 0.05. RESULTS: 2,413 deaths occurred due to parasites, 65.1% by protozoa, 33% by helminths and 1.9% by arthropods. The average national mortality rate was 0.6 per 100.000 inhabitants. The main causes of death were Chagas disease (63.6%), hydatidosis (24.3%) and cysticercosis (8.1%). Most of the deceased belonged to the Coquimbo Region. The mean age of death was 74, 62 and 67 years old for deaths from protozoa, helminths and arthropods, respectively. Deaths occurred mostly in men. Most came from urban areas and had a low educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Chagas disease is the main cause of death from parasites in Chile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Chagas Disease , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Rural Population , Chile/epidemiology , Educational Status
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(5): 582-593, mayo 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1139342

ABSTRACT

Background: Environmental noise can cause auditory and non-auditory adverse effects. Aim: To identify daily environmental noise patterns in two urban sites of Metropolitan Santiago. Material and Methods: Continuous measurements of environmental noise in two sites of Metropolitan Santiago were analyzed by means of hierarchical cluster analysis. One site was a main street with heavy traffic and the second was a street from a neighborhood with intense nocturnal activity. The first phase of analysis consisted of clustering noise profiles with similar shapes according to the average linkage method, with correlation as the similarity measure. The second phase grouped the profiles with similar shapes into sub-clusters that also had similar absolute noise levels, using the complete linkage method, with absolute distance as the similarity measure. Results: Two noise patterns were identified for the first site, one for weekdays (Monday to Friday) and another for weekends (Saturday and Sunday). For the second site five different patterns were identified (Monday to Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday). Also different patterns appeared for summer compared to the rest of the year. The noise levels of both sites were high. Conclusions: The detected noise levels can be annoying, cause sleep disturbances and increase the risk for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, among other effects.


Antecedentes: El ruido ambiental puede tener efectos adversos auditivos y no auditivos. Objetivo: Identificar patrones diarios de ruido ambiental en dos sectores urbanos de Santiago, Chile. Material y Métodos: Se analizaron mediciones continuas de ruido ambiental realizadas en dos emplazamientos urbanos de Santiago, Chile, mediante análisis de cluster jerárquico. Los dos lugares fueron una avenida principal con alto tráfico vehicular y una calle en un barrio con intensa actividad nocturna. La primera fase del análisis agrupó perfiles de ruido con formas similares de acuerdo al método de vinculación promedio, usando la correlación como medida de similitud. La segunda fase agrupó los perfiles con formas similares en subclusters que también tuvieran niveles de ruido similares, usando el método de vinculación completa, con la distancia absoluta como medida de similitud. Resultados: Se identificaron dos patrones para el primer emplazamiento, uno para días de semana (lunes a viernes) y otro para fines de semana (sábado y domingo). Para el segundo emplazamiento se identificaron cinco patrones diferentes (lunes a miércoles, jueves, viernes, sábado, y domingo), así como patrones distintos para el verano en comparación con el resto del año. Los niveles de ruido en ambos lugares fueron altos. Conclusiones: Los niveles de ruido detectados podrían producir molestias, perturbación del sueño, incremento de riesgo de hipertensión y enfermedades cardiovasculares, entre otros efectos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Noise/adverse effects , Time Factors , Chile , Cities
6.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 128(10): 1108-12, oct. 2000. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-277203

ABSTRACT

Background: Three triatomine species, Triatoma infestans, Mepraia spinolai and Mepraia gajardoi, are vectors for Chagas disease in Chile. Aim: To compare the alimentary profile of Mepraia spinolai, the Chilean wild vector of Chagas disease, with that of the several other triatomines. Material and methods: The alimentary profile of Mepraia spinolai was compared with that of other triatomines using cluster analysis (Q and R techniques) with the Jaccard index. Results: Three basic groups of triatomines were identified: domestic, wild and specialists, such as P. coreodes and C. pilosa. Our wild vector M. spinolai was in an intermediate position between wild and domestic clusters, grouping with T. rubrovaria, T. sordida and P. megistus. The feeding sources, animals of the domestic and peri-domestic habitat and wild animals, corresponded to the clusters of the two groups. Conclusions: Mepraia spinolai, being a preponderantly wild species, approaches human dwellings and obtains food from domestic animals and eventually, from human blood


Subject(s)
Animals , Triatoma/physiology , Insect Vectors/physiology , Animal Feed , Triatoma/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/parasitology , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Animals, Wild/physiology , Cluster Analysis , Feeding Methods
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 127(9): 1086-92, sept. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-255284

ABSTRACT

Background: The incidence of infectious diseases generally has large fluctuations, probably due to interactions between seasonal fluctuations and those secondary to case-susceptible host interactions. Aim: To analyze the complexity and attractant topological resemblance of seven infectious diseases in Chile. Material and methods: The annual incidence of measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever, meningococcal meningitis, diphtheria, typhoid fever and poliomyelitis was obtained from the annual reports of diseases. Correlation dimensions and the largest Lyapunov series exponents were estimated. The resemblance among their attractants was assessed by Hausdorff distance. The measures were performed both before and after seasonal filtering. Results: All series showed a dynamics near low dimensional chaos. The correlation dimensions ranged between 2.12 and 2.76. The correlation dimensions did not change after seasonal differentiation. Apart from one, all disease dynamics had large Lyapunov exponents, near 0.6 Bits/year. These decreased if series were differentiated. Before differentiation, the topological resemblance was mainly caused by the seasonal component of the dynamics but thereafter, the resemblance increased. In spite of different transmission mechanisms and etiologies, all analyzed infectious diseases conformed a truly single group, during cluster analyses. Conclusions: These results suggest that beneath the dynamics of infectious diseases, obscured by seasonal environmental factors, lays a very consistent nonlinear agent-susceptible host dynamics


Subject(s)
Humans , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Nonlinear Dynamics , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Scarlet Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Whooping Cough/epidemiology , Diphtheria/epidemiology , Meningitis, Meningococcal/epidemiology , Measles/epidemiology
8.
Parasitol. día ; 22(3/4): 72-8, jul.-dic. 1998. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-258042

ABSTRACT

En Chile se han descrito dos especies de triatominos: triatoma infestans y mepraia spinolai. De éstas, la primera es la más estudiada por su importancia en el ciclo doméstico de la enfermedad de Chagas en Chile y América. De la segunda en cambio, se conoce poco de su biología e importancia epidemiológica. En este artículo, resumimos los aspectos más relevantes de cinco años de estudio en laboratorio y terreno de los triatominos chilenos, con énfasis en aspectos ecológicos, conductuales y epidemiológicos de M. spinolai. En nuestra experiencia ambas especies demuestran similitudes en sus dinámicas poblacionales, distribución geográfica y preferencias de temperatura en laboratorio. Las principales diferencias son de preferencia alimentaria y de tipo conductual, especialmente en el tiempo de picada que es más corto en M. spinolai y la latencia de evacuación que es muy larga en esta especie, lo cuál explica en parte su bajo impacto epidemiológico


Subject(s)
Animals , Chagas Disease/transmission , Triatoma/parasitology , Disease Vectors , Triatoma/growth & development
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 125(4): 403-8, abr. 1997. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-196283

ABSTRACT

Material and methods: Series of monthly cases of measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever; meningitis, diphteria, typhoid fever and poliomyelitis were obtained from yearly reports of infectious disease of the Ministry of Health. Descriptive statistical parameters and multivariate methods were used to analyze data. Results: Diseases that have an enteric mode of transmission predominate in summer; independent of the type of agent (viral or bacterial) or presence of carriers. Diseases with a respiratory mode of transmission have two different patterns. Those without carriers (measles and whooping cough) predominate in spring and those with carriers (scarlet fever, diphtheria and meningitis) have a winter predominace. Conclusions: This work confirms the seasonal variation of enteric and respiratory infectious diseases and defines patterns that can be useful for future studies


Subject(s)
Humans , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Scarlet Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Whooping Cough/epidemiology , Diphtheria/epidemiology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/virology , Meningitis/epidemiology , Measles/epidemiology
11.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 124(9): 1053-7, sept. 1996. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-185149

ABSTRACT

Triatoma spinolai is the only wild vector for Chagas disease in Chile and its epidemiological importance is being studied. To study the proportion of insects infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (tripano-triatomine index) in a zone with epidemiological risk in the Metropolitan Region of Chile, 492 specimens of triatoma spinolai were collected in 4 sites of a quarry zone, 14 kilometers north of Santiago. Their maturity and the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in their intestinal contents were determined. Mean Tripano-triatomine index was 26.02ñ2 percent (range 0 to 34 percent in different sites). The proportion of infected insects increased along with the maturity and 58 percent of adult specimens were infected. There was a seasonal variation of the proportion of infected specimens being lower in march and June and higher in July and February. The studied zone has a potential epidemiological risk for the transmission of Chagas disease by Triatoma spinolai


Subject(s)
Triatoma/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Triatoma/growth & development , Chagas Disease/epidemiology
12.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 124(2): 178-88, feb. 1996. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-173319

ABSTRACT

Meningococcal meningitis is subjected to epidemiological surveillance due to its severity and the occasional presentation of epidemic outbreaks. This work analyses previous disease models, generate new ones and analyses monthly cases using ARIMA time series models. The results show that disease dynamics for closed polpulation is epidemic and the epidemic size is related to the proportion of carriers and the transmissiveness of the agent. In open populations, disease dinamic depends on the admission rate of susceptible and the relate admission of infected individuals. Our model considers a logistic populational growth and carrier admission proportional to populational size, generating an endemic dynamics. Considering a non-instantaneous system response, a greater realism is obtained establishing that the endemic situation may present a dynamics highly sensitive to initial conditions, depending on the transmissiveness and proportion of susceptible individuals in the population. Time series model showed an adequate predictive capacity in terms no longer than 10 months. The lack of long term predictability was attributed to local changes in the proportion of carriers or on transmissiveness that lead to chaotic dynamics over a seasonal pattern. Predictions for 1995 and 1996 were obtained


Subject(s)
Humans , Time Series Studies , Meningitis, Meningococcal/epidemiology , Models, Theoretical , Carrier State/epidemiology , Disease Susceptibility/epidemiology , Models, Statistical , Forecasting/methods
13.
Parasitol. día ; 17(3/4): 79-86, jul.-dic. 1993. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-130973

ABSTRACT

La estimación numérica de la capacidad potencial de causar enfermedad de los insectos constituye un objetivo permanente los estudios epidemiológicos de las enfermedades transmitidas por ellos. La mayor cantidad de información se obtiene estimando la "capacidad vectorial": número de picadas potencialmente infectantes que puede producir la población de vectores, a partir de la picada infecciosa sobre un caso índice. En el caso de la enfermedad de Chagas, la importancia de los insectos vectores se ha estudiado en forma cualitativa y mediante índices de infección, índices triatominos, proporción de infestación domiciliaria. En este trabajo se estiman la eficiencia de transmisión y capacidad vectorial de losvectores de la enfermedad de Chagas en Chile, creando además un nuevo estimador denominado "impacto vectorial" que representa la proporción de la infección de la que es responsable un determinado vector. Las especies T. infestans y T. spinolai tiene una baja eficiencia de transmisión de T. cruzi. Serían necesarias 10.000 picadas de T. infestans para provocar 8 enfermos. T. spinolai es menos eficiente que T. infestans. A pesar de las bajas eficiencias, prácticamente toda la infección humana y animal en Chile, se debe a estos vectores, lo que indica una compensación de la baja eficiencia por un alto número de picadas. Este último se encuentra justificado por largas esperanzas de vida infectante y un promedio de 8 picadas potencialmente infectantes/día que podría provocar la población de T. infestans a partir de la picada sobre un caso índice (capacidad vectorial). El impacto comparado de ambas especies sobre la enfermedad de Chagas muestra que, en la IV Región, el impacto de T. spinolai se encuentra cercano al 0,64 por ciento . Por tanto, prácticamente toda la enfermedad de Chagas humana en Chile sería debida a T. infestans, lo que es necesario confirmar con nuevos estudios


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Insect Vectors/pathogenicity , Triatoma/pathogenicity , Chagas Disease/transmission , Chile/epidemiology , Epidemiology and Biostatistics
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