ABSTRACT
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a cause of movement disorders and cognitive decline which has probably been underdiagnosed, especially if its prevalence proves similar to those of progressive supranuclear palsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We report a case of a 74-year-old man who presented with action tremor, gait ataxia and forgetfulness. There was a family history of tremor and dementia, and one of the patient?s grandsons was mentally deficient. Neuropsychological evaluation disclosed a frontal network syndrome. MRI showed hyperintensity of both middle cerebellar peduncles, a major diagnostic hallmark of FXTAS. Genetic testing revealed premutation of the FMR1 gene with an expanded (CGG)90 repeat. The diagnosis of FXTAS is important for genetic counseling because the daughters of the affected individuals are at high risk of having offspring with fragile X syndrome. Tremors and cognitive decline should raise the diagnostic hypothesis of FXTAS, which MRI may subsequently reinforce, while the detection of the FMR1 premutation can confirm the condition.
A síndrome de tremor-ataxia associada ao X-frágil (FXTAS) é uma causa de distúrbios do movimento e de declínio cognitivo que provavelmente tem sido subdiagnosticada, especialmente se a sua prevalência for realmente similar às da paralisia supranuclear progressiva e esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Relatamos um caso de um homem de 74 anos que se apresentou com tremor de ação, ataxia de marcha e esquecimento. Havia história familiar de tremor e de demência e um de seus netos era mentalmente deficiente. A avaliação neuropsicológica demonstrou uma síndrome frontal. A ressonância magnética (RM) revelou hiperintensidade de ambos os pedúnculos cerebelares médios, um critério maior para o diagnóstico de FXTAS. Os testes genéticos confirmaram a presença da pré-mutação do gene FMR1, com uma repetição (CGG)90. O diagnóstico de FXTAS é importante para o aconselhamento genético porque as filhas dos indivíduos afetados tem alto risco de ter uma criança com síndrome do X-frágil. A presença de tremores e declínio cognitivo deve levantar a hipótese diagnóstica de FXTAS, que poderá ser reforçada pela RM e confirmada pela presença da pré-mutação do gene FMR1.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ataxia , Tremor , Essential Tremor , Dementia , Fragile X SyndromeABSTRACT
In order to investigate the stability of the FMR1 (Fragile X Mental Retardation 1) alleles from the normal population, when maternally inherited, we analyzed 75 mother-to-son transmissions. Sixty-eight alleles fell within the common range with 20-40 CGG repeats, and seven alleles were intermediate, with 41-48 repeats. No change was observed either in the length or in the structure of these repeats upon transmission. Fifty-three alleles were ascertained in different families, and their size distribution was similar to those described for European and European-derived populations, with three peaks of frequency: 66 percent of the alleles with (CGG)29, (CGG)30 or (CGG)31, 7.5 percent with (CGG)20, and 5.7 percent with (CGG)23. Regarding the AGG interspersion pattern, 69.8 percent had two AGG repeats, 20.8 percent had one, 5.7 percent had three and 3.8 percent had none. The most common patterns were 10+9+9 (30.2 percent), 9+9+9 (18.9 percent), 10+9 (7.5 percent), and 10+9+10 (7.5 percent). About 70 percent of the alleles with up to 40 repeats were linked to the DXS548/FRAXAC1 haplotype 7-3, the most commonly reported in normal populations. Four out of five intermediate alleles were in linkage with the two haplotypes most frequently associated to the FMR1 full mutation, 2-1 and 6-4. These four alleles showed long uninterrupted CGG repeats at the 3' end. The 9+9+22, 9+9+23 and 9+9+28 alleles were linked to the haplotype 2-1, and the 9+37 allele, to the haplotype 6-4. The pattern of AGG interspersion of these alleles and the associated haplotypes were in accordance with the two main pathways toward mutation previously proposed.