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1.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Clín. Méd ; 13(4): 257-261, out-dez 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-785262

ABSTRACT

Justificativa e Objetivo: Infecções de corrente sanguínea causadas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa apresentam significantes taxas de morbidade, mortalidade e custos hospitalares. A terapia empírica adequada impacta significativamente na mortalidade, porém, a escolha do antibiótico empírico apropriado contra uma infecção causada por P. aeruginosa é um desafio para os clínicos devido a resistência à diversos antimicrobianos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a adequação da terapia antimicrobiana empírica e correlacioná-la com a mortalidade em 30 dias. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo coorte retrospectivo com pacientes que apresentaram infecção de corrente sanguínea por P. aeruginosa no período de Janeiro a Dezembro de 2011. Foram analisadas variáveis epidemiológicas e clínicas destes pacientes correlacionando-as com a mortalidade em 30 dias. Resultados: Vinte e nove pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. A média de idade dos pacientes que tiveram óbito foi de 66 anos e dos sobreviventes foi de 72 anos (p=0,37). Foi detectada uma elevada mortalidade hospitalar (21 de 29 pacientes, 72,4%) entre os pacientes com infecção de corrente sanguínea por P. aeruginosa. Meropenem isoladamente foi o antimicrobiano mais utilizado (34,5%). Houve inadequação na terapia empírica em oito pacientes (27,5%). Em relação às variáveis analisadas, nenhuma teve correlação estatisticamente significante com a mortalidade em 30 dias. Conclusão Nosso estudo encontrou uma elevada taxa de mortalidade entre paciente com bacteremia por P. aeruginosa. Nenhuma variável foi preditora de mortalidade em 30 dias. Estudos com uma maior casuística são necessários para um melhor entendimento das variáveis relacionadas à mortalidade entre estes pacientes


Background and Purpose: Bloodstream infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents significant morbidity, mortality and hospital costs. Appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy significantly impacts on mortality however the choice of adequate antibiotic therapy is a challenge for clinicians due to bacterial resistance. This study aimed to analyze the adequacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy among patients with BSI caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to correlate it with the 30-day mortality. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with bloodstream infections caused by P. aeruginosa from January 1st, 2011 to December 31, 2011. We analyzed demographic and clinical variables of those patients correlating them with the 30-day mortality. Results: Twenty-nine patients were included in the study. The average age of patients who died and survived was 66 years and 72 years, respectively (p=0.37). A high hospital mortality rate (21 of 29 patients, 72.4%) was detected. Meropenem was the most used antibiotic during the study period (34.5%). There was inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy in eight patients (27.5%). No statistically significant difference was observed with regard to 30-day mortality among the variables analyzed. Conclusion: Our study found a high mortality rate among patients with BSI caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No variable was found to be predictor of 30-day mortality in this cohort of patients. Further studies with larger samples are needed for a better understanding of variables related to mortality among these patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas Infections , Cross Infection , Bacteremia/mortality , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
2.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(5): 539-545, Sept.-Oct. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-763339

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital.METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010.RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of β-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii.CONCLUSIONS:These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose β-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , beta-Lactams/administration & dosage , Administration, Intravenous , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Brazil , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Hospitals, Teaching , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Monte Carlo Method , Time Factors , beta-Lactams/pharmacokinetics , beta-Lactams/pharmacology
3.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 24(2): 151-156, abr.-jun. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-644645

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as prescrições medicamentosas em unidade de terapia intensiva adulto em hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Estudo unicêntrico, observacional, descritivo, transversal realizado em unidade de terapia intensiva adulto geral. A população foi constituída por todos os pacientes internados na unidade no período de janeiro a março de 2011. Foi verificada a presença dos seguintes itens na prescrição: nome do medicamento (genérico, comercial ou abreviatura), concentração, forma farmacêutica, posologia, via de administração, nome e registro do paciente na instituição, clínica e leito de internação, nome, número do conselho e assinatura do prescritor e data. Quantificou-se a porcentagem de medicamentos prescritos pertencentes à Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais, Lista de Medicamentos Essenciais da Organização Mundial da Saúde e Guia Farmacoterapêutico do Núcleo Hospital Universitário. Os medicamentos foram classificados com base no sistema Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical níveis 1 e 2. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 844 prescrições de 72 pacientes com média de idade de 59,04 ± 21,80, sendo 54,92% do gênero feminino. O número médio de prescrições por paciente foi 11,72 ± 11,68. O total de medicamentos prescritos foi de 12.052. Destes, 9.571(79,41%) foram prescritos pela denominação genérica. A forma farmacêutica foi a informação mais ausente na descrição dos medicamentos (8.829/73,26%). A concentração dos medicamentos foi descrita para 7.231 (60%) dos medicamentos. As informações sobre o prescritor e paciente estiveram presentes em mais de 96% das prescrições. Os medicamentos prescritos foram classificados em 13 grupos terapêuticos e 55 subgrupos. Entre os subgrupos mais prescritos, destacaram-se os antibacterianos de uso sistêmico. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria das informações analisadas esteve presente nas prescrições. Porém, dados sobre concentração e forma farmacêutica dos fármacos faltaram em grande parte das prescrições. A caracterização das mesmas nas diferentes unidades hospitalares é imprescindível para a elaboração de estratégias que visem minimizar os problemas relacionados ao uso de medicamentos.


OBJECTIVE:To characterize drug prescriptions in a university hospital adult intensive care unit. METHODS: Single-center, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at an adult general intensive care unit. The study population included all of the unit's inpatients from January to March 2011. The following characteristics for all prescriptions recorded during this period were examined: drug name (generic, brand name or abbreviation), dosage strength, pharmaceutical form, dose, route of administration, patient name, patient registration in the institution, clinic and hospital bed as well as the name, board license number, signature of the prescriber and date of the prescription. It was quantified the percentage of prescribed drugs included in the National List of Essential Drugs, the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines and the University Hospital Center Pharmacotherapy Guide. The prescribed drugs were classified based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system (levels 1 and 2). RESULTS: Eight hundred forty-four prescriptions were reviewed from 72 patients (mean age: 59.04 ± 21.80), 54.92% of whom were female. The mean number of prescriptions per patient was 11.72 ± 11.68. The total number of drugs prescribed was 12,052 and 9,571 (79.41%) of the drugs were prescribed using the generic name. The most frequent absent information in the drug description was the pharmaceutical form of the drug (8,829/73.26%). The dosage strength was indicated in 7,231 (60%) of the prescriptions, and the prescriber and patient information were indicated in over 96% of the prescriptions. The prescribed drugs were classified in 13 therapeutic groups and 55 subgroups. Systemic antibacterials represented one of the most frequently prescribed subgroups. CONCLUSION: Most of the reviewed information was present in the prescriptions. However, the dosage strength and pharmaceutical form were absent in many prescriptions. The characterization of prescriptions at different hospital units is essential for the development of strategies that reduce drug utilization problems.

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