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1.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1177062

ABSTRACT

AIMS: The COVID-19 pandemic suddenly and significantly increased hospitalizations for pneumonia with systemic inflammatory disease. Since its appearance, COVID-19 has affected more than 200 countries, with more than 90 million cases and almost 2 million deaths. So far, there is no quality evidence regarding the specific pharmacological therapy for COVID-19; most treatments usually involve off-label use of existing drugs and have unproven efficacy. The global effort converges on the development of a vaccine; however, the greatest challenge is to achieve collective immunization in the face of increasing vaccination hesitancy. METHODS: This study investigated the impact of vaccine hesitancy movements on the goal of COVID-19 immunization in Brazil. An integrative bibliographic review was performed with an electronic search on PubMed and SciELO that yielded 13.535 articles. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied which included 29 interventional and descriptive studies. RESULTS: The results of the 29 studies revealed that the most frequent reasons for hesitation is skepticism about the true interests of the industry and politicians, the lack of trust in research, and inaccurate information on social media. CONCLUSION: The main factors that lead the population not to believe in vaccines were the real interests of industry and politicians, lack of confidence in research, and the amount of false information that circulates massively on social media and because of that it is possible that Brazil will face some challenges in achieving collective immunity due to the anti-vaccine movement.


OBJETIVOS: A pandemia de COVID-19 aumentou repentina e significativamente as hospitalizações por pneumonia com doença inflamatória sistêmica. Desde o seu surgimento, a COVID-19 afetou mais de 200 países, com mais de 90 milhões de casos e quase 2 milhões de mortes. Até o momento, não há evidências de qualidade em relação à terapia farmacológica específica para COVID-19; a maioria dos tratamentos geralmente envolve o uso off-label de medicamentos existentes e sem eficácia comprovada. O esforço global converge para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina; entretanto, o maior desafio é conseguir a imunização coletiva diante do aumento da recusa à vacinação. MÉTODOS: Este estudo investigou o impacto dos movimentos de recusa à vacina no objetivo de imunização com COVID-19 no Brasil. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa com busca eletrônica no PubMed e SciELO que resultou em 13.535 artigos. Foram aplicados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão que incluíram 29 estudos de intervenção e descritivos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados dos 29 estudos revelaram que os motivos de hesitação mais frequentes são o ceticismo sobre os verdadeiros interesses da indústria e dos políticos, a falta de confiança em pesquisas e informações imprecisas nas redes sociais. CONCLUSÃO: Os principais fatores que levaram a população a não acreditar nas vacinas foram os reais interesses da indústria e dos políticos, a falta de confiança nas pesquisas e a quantidade de informações falsas que circulam massivamente nas redes sociais e por isso é possível que o Brasil enfrente alguns desafios para alcançar a imunidade coletiva devido ao movimento anti-vacinas.


Subject(s)
Immunization , Vaccines , Coronavirus Infections , COVID-19
2.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 59: e8, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-842798

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Introduction: Schistosomiasis is an infectious parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma, which threatens at least 258 million people worldwide and its control is dependent on a single drug, praziquantel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-Schistosoma mansoni activity in vitro of novel imidazolidine derivatives. Material and methods: We synthesized two novel imidazolidine derivatives: (LPSF/PTS10) (Z)-1-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)-4-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)-5-thioxoimidazolidin-2-one and (LPSF/PTS23) (Z)-1-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-benzyl)-5-thioxo-4-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-benzylidene)-imidazolidin-2-one. The structures of two compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. During the biological assays, parameters such as motility, oviposition, mortality and analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy were performed. Results: LPSF/PTS10 and LPSF/PTS23 were considered to be active in the separation of coupled pairs, mortality and to decrease the motor activity. In addition, LPSF/PTS23 induced ultrastructural alterations in worms, after 24 h of contact, causing extensive erosion over the entire body of the worms. Conclusion: The imidazolidine derivatives containing the trimetoxy and benzylidene halogens showed promising in vitro schistosomicidal activity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Mice , Imidazolidines/pharmacology , Peripheral Blood Stem Cells/drug effects , Schistosoma mansoni/drug effects , Schistosomicides/pharmacology , Imidazolidines/chemical synthesis , Imidazolidines/toxicity , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Schistosoma mansoni/ultrastructure , Schistosomicides/chemical synthesis , Schistosomicides/toxicity , Time Factors
3.
Sci. med. (Porto Alegre, Online) ; 26(3): ID23399, jul-set 2016.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-846902

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Osteoporosis is a common disease that affects mostly women and has been associated with the immune system. The aims of this study were to evaluate the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and to investigate their relationship with clinical and laboratory parameters. METHODS: This study recruited patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (osteoporosis group) and non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women (control group) matched for age. All patients and controls had their bone mineral density measured for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and answered a clinical questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for cytokine measurements. Cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-27, IL-29, IL-35, and TNF-α were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Twenty-nine out of the 52 (55.8%) postmenopausal osteoporosis patients showed high levels of IL-8, while no patients from the control group (n=21) showed IL-8 values above the detection limit (p<0.0001). Higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-35 were associated with the control group, with p values of 0.0053 and 0.0214, respectively. In the osteoporosis group, IFN-γ was correlated with longer duration of smoking (p=0.003), IFN-γ and IL-6 were correlated with higher age at menarche (p=0.0454 and p=0.0380), IL-22 was correlated with duration of menopause (p=0.0289) and IL-9 with calcium intake (p=0.019). The other cytokines showed no association or correlation with clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: IL-8 was elevated in the serum of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, perhaps because it may trigger osteoclast activation and bone wear in osteoporosis. Higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-9, IL-22, IL-27, and IL-35 were also associated with the osteoporosis group patients and showed significant correlation with clinical parameters in postmenopausal osteoporosis.


OBJETIVOS: A osteoporose é uma doença comum, que afeta principalmente as mulheres e tem sido associada com o sistema imune. Este estudo objetivou avaliar níveis séricos de citocinas inflamatórias em mulheres pós-menopáusicas com osteoporose, assim como investigar as suas relações com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. MÉTODOS: Este estudo recrutou pacientes com osteoporose pós-menopausa e voluntárias sem a doença, pareadas por idade. Todas as pacientes do grupo com osteoporose e as integrantes do grupo controle passaram pelo exame de mensuração de densidade óssea para diagnosticar a doença e todas responderam a um questionário clínico. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para as dosagens séricas. As citocinas IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-27, IL-29, IL-35 e TNF-α foram dosadas por ensaio imunoenzimático. RESULTADOS: Vinte e nove entre as 52 (55,8%) pacientes com osteoporose pós-menopausa mostraram altos níveis de IL-8, enquanto nenhuma integrante do grupo controle teve valores de IL-8 acima do nível de detecção do kit (p<0,0001). Altos níveis de IFN-γ and IL-35 foram associados ao grupo controle, com valores de p de 0,0053 and 0,0214 respectivamente. No grupo osteoporose, IFN-γ mostrou correlação com o tempo de duração do tabagismo (p=0,003). IFN-γ e IL-6 foram correlacionadas com a idade de ocorrência da menarca (p=0,0454 e p=0,0380). A citocina IL-22 correlacionou-se com a duração da menopausa (p=0,0289), e a IL-9 com a ingestão de mais cálcio na dieta (p=0,019). As outras citocinas dosadas não mostraram associações ou correlações com os parâmetros clínicos. CONCLUSÕES: A IL-8 mostrou-se elevada no soro das pacientes com osteoporose pós-menopausa, talvez por atuar como um gatilho para a ativação dos osteoclastos e desgaste ósseo que ocorre na osteoporose. Níveis mais altos de IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-9, IL-22, IL-27 e IL-35 também estiveram presentes no soro das pacientes do grupo osteoporose e mostraram associações significativas com os parâmetros clínicos na osteoporose pós-menopausa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Vitamin D , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal , Osteoporosis , Bone Density
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