ABSTRACT
An HIV seroprevalence and molecular study was conducted among 935 subjects: 723 female commercial sex workers, 92 men who have sex with men and 120 HIV-positive volunteers. The reported injection drug use rates were 0.7 percent in female commercial sex workers and 3 percent in men who have sex with men. Sexually transmitted infections were reported in 265 (37 percent) of the female commercial sex workers and 38 (41 percent) of the men who have sex with men. A total of 20 (2.8 percent) female commercial sex workers and 12 (13 percent) men who have sex with men became HIV infected during the study period. A history of sexually transmitted infection increased the risk of subsequent HIV infection twofold (adjusted odds ratio of 2.5) among the female commercial sex workers, while cocaine use had an adjusted odds ratios of 6.61 among men who have sex with men. From 130 samples, and based on heteroduplex mobility assaying for the env gene, with sequencing of part of pol and/or full genomes, subtype B was the predominant subtype identified (66 percent); followed by subtype F (22 percent) and subtype C (4 percent). Recombinant CRF12-BF strains were identified in 6 percent and CRF17_BF was identified in 2 percent.
Um estudo de soroprevalência e de avaliação molecular do HIV foi realizado com 935 indivíduos: 723 mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo, 92 homens que mantinham relações sexuais com outros homens e com 120 voluntários HIV-positivos. O relato de uso de drogas injetáveis foi de 0,7 por cento nas mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo e de 3 por cento nos homens que mantinham relações sexuais com outros homens. Infecções sexualmente transmitidas foram relatadas por 265 (37 por cento) das mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo e em 38 (41 por cento) dos homens que mantinham relações sexuais com homens. Um total de 20 (2,8 por cento) mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo e 12 (13 por cento) homens que mantinham relações sexuais com homens se infectou com HIV durante o período do estudo. História prévia de infecção sexualmente transmitida aumentou em duas vezes o risco de infecção subseqüente por HIV (odds ratio ajustado de 2,5) entre as mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo, enquanto cocaína apresentou odds ratio ajustado de 6,61 entre os homens que mantinham relações sexuais com outros homens. De 130 amostras, com base no ensaio da mobilidade heteroduplex para o gene env, com sequenciamento de parte do pol e/ou genomas completos, o subtipo B foi o subtipo mais identificado (66 por cento); seguido pelo subtipo F (22 por cento) e subtipo C (4 por cento). Cepas recombinantes CRF12-BF foram identificadas em 6 por cento e CRF17_BF foi identificada em 2 por cento.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV-1 , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Sex Work/statistics & numerical data , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology , Genotype , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Infections/virology , Paraguay/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Determinar la distribución de los subtipos del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH-1) y la presencia de cepas recombinantes en Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela a través de estudios epidemiológicos y de genotipificación. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron a los participantes de los protocolos realizados en los nueve paises, incluyendo poblaciones de trabajadoras sexuales (TS), hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), individuos VIH positivos, gestantes y pacientes con tuberculosis (TB). Se utilizó la prueba de movilidad heteroduplex de envoltura (env HMA), ProRT, secuenciamiento completo o ambas para determinar los subtipos de VIH 1. Resultados: Se identificaron 3081 individuos positivos al VIH (de un total de 42 290voluntarios), las prevalencias oscilaban entre menos de 1 por ciento a 29 por ciento según población estudiada, siendo mayor en los HSH. Un total de 1654 muestras (54 por ciento) fueron genotipificadas. Se encontró el subtipo B en 1380 (83 por ciento) muestras, el subtipo F en 218 (13 por ciento), así como los subtipos A y C en 0,1 por ciento y 0,4 por ciento respectivamente. Se hallaron subtipos recombinantes BF en 39 muestras (2 por ciento) y formas recombinantes CRF01_AE(0,1 por ciento), CRF17_BF(0,4 por ciento) y CRF02_AG(0,1 por ciento). En Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia y Chile (paises andinos) predominó el subtipo B, mientras en Argentina, Uruguay y Paraguay hubo un alto porcentaje del subtipo F. Conclusiones: En la mayoría de países andinos la epidemia de VIH-1 se concentró en los HSH con un predominio del subtipo B. El subtipo F es másfrecuente en las TS en Argentina y Uruguay. Esta información es útil para implementar planes de prevención y futuros ensayos de vacunas en esta región.
Objectives: To determine human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype distribution, and the presence of recombinant strains in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela using epidemiological and genotyping studies. Materials and Methods: Participants in the studies performed in nine countries were included, amongst them female sex workers, men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV-positive individuals, pregnant women, and patients with tuberculosis (TB) were included. Envelope-base heteroduplex mobility assay (env HMA) testing was used, as well as ProRT, complete sequencing, or both for determining HIV-1 subtypes. Results: 3081 HIV positive individuals were identified (out of 42 290 volunteers), prevalences from less than 1% to 29% in the different populations studied, and it was higher among MSM. 1654 samples (54%) underwent genotyping. B subtype was found in 1380 (83%) samples, F subtype was found in 218 (13%) samples, and A and C subtypes were found in 0,1% and 0,4%, respectively. BF recombinant serotypes were found in 39 samples (2%), and CRF01_AE (0,1%), CRF17_BF (0,4%), and CRF02_AG (0,1%) were also found. In Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile (Andean countries) subtype B predominated, while in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay there was a high frequency of F subtype. Conclusions: In most Andean countries, HIV-1 epidemic concentrated among MSM, who are predominantly infected with B subtype. F subtype is more frequent among female sex workers in Argentina and Uruguay. This is useful information in order to implement prevention plans and future vaccine tests in this region.