Comunicación asertiva, estado nutricional y desarrollo físico en adultos mayores / Assertive Communication; Nutritional Status and Physical Development in Aged Adults

Introducción: La asertividad es una herramienta comunicacional que puede contribuir de manera positiva en que los adultos mayores interpreten correctamente la necesidad e importancia de realizar acciones que permitan mantener un adecuado desarrollo físico y estado nutricional durante la tercera edad. Objetivo: Describir cómo la implementación de la comunicación asertiva puede ayudar a la incorporación de los adultos mayores al programa de actividades físicas del adulto mayor. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación básica, no experimental y descriptiva en una población de 157 adultos mayores, de los cuales 113 formaron parte de la muestra de investigación. Se aplicó la comunicación asertiva para lograr la incorporación de estos al programa de actividades físicas del adulto mayor. Resultados: El miedo al contagio con COVID-19 fue la principal causa referida para no participar en las actividades (17,70 por ciento). Predominaron los adultos mayores con nivel de conocimiento bajo sobre la importancia de las actividades físicas en los adultos mayores. Después de aplicar la comunicación asertiva se logró que el 64,60 por ciento de los ancianos se incorporaran al programa. Conclusiones: La asertividad, con sus técnicas y acciones, facilitó la incorporación de adultos mayores al programa de actividades físicas. Su aplicación se basó en la preparación y la capacidad de negociación con las personas de la tercera edad para poder lograr su incorporación a las actividades físicas del programa del adulto mayor(AU)

Introduction: Assertiveness is a communicational tool that can contribute positively to aged adults' correct interpretation of the need and importance of performing actions that allow them to maintain adequate physical development and nutritional status during older age. Objective: To describe how the implementation of assertive communication can help the incorporation of aged adults to the physical activity program for the elderly. Methods: A basic, nonexperimental and descriptive research was conducted with a population of 157 aged adults, of which 113 were part of the research sample. Assertive communication was applied to achieve their incorporation into the physical activity program for the elderly. Results: Fear of infection with COVID-19 was the main reported cause for not participating in the activities (17.70 percent). Aged adults with a low level of knowledge about the importance of physical activities for the elderly predominated. After applying assertive communication, 64.60 percent of the older adults could become part of the program. Conclusions: Assertiveness, with its techniques and actions, facilitated the incorporation of aged adults to the physical activities program. Its application was based on the preparation and the ability to negotiate with older adults in order to achieve their incorporation to the physical activities of the program for the elderly(AU)

Polineuropatía por amiloidosis por transtiretina de inicio tardío. Caso clínico / Late-onset hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. Report of one case

Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis is a multisystemic autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by progressive distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy or restrictive cardiomyopathy, secondary to amyloid deposits. Its pathogenesis lies in the TTR gene mutation, and the Val50Met mutation is the most frequent. Patients have significant differences in the onset and severity of clinical presentation according to their country of origin. The diagnosis of this pathology is complex, even more in countries where it is not considered endemic. However, early suspicion and management are essential to improve survival and avoid unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. We report a 69-year-old woman who presented a sensory-motor polyneuropathy, predominantly sensory, associated with distal neuropathic pain and bilateral vitritis. The history of her Italian father with polyneuropathy of unspecified etiology stood out. A vitreous biopsy identified amyloid substance deposits (congo red positive). These were also confirmed on a superficial peroneal nerve biopsy. During the etiological study of her polyneuropathy, an increased Kappa/Lambda index of 2.55 mg/L stood out. Therefore, light chain amyloidosis was suspected, and chemotherapy treatment was indicated without favorable response. After 10 years of progressive neurological and ophthalmological involvement, a genetic study confirmed the first case of late-onset hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis Val50Met with polyneuropathy in Chile.

La pandemia COVID-19 inductor de tecnoestrés en docentes de la educación ecuatoriana de segundo nivel / The COVID-19 pandemic inducer of technostress in teachers of the Ecuadorian education of second level

Casi dos años después de que se impuso la adecuación del trabajo docente a la modalidad remota, la política pública educativa no visualiza en su discurso actual la atención al tecnoestrés docente como prioridad y no existen acciones concretas encaminadas en ese sentido. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo y correlacional en tres colegios fiscales, a fin de obtener información sobre la prevalencia de tecnoestrés en docentes y aportar evidencia empírica acerca de las diferencias entre ambos sexos, en cuanto a algunos factores asociados a este. Los resultados tecnoestrés en los y las docentes participantes, independientemente a la edad, sexo y años de experiencias y correlacionado con la sobre carga tecnológica, la intensidad de trabajo diario, tecno-invasión y las consecuencias socioemocionales al trabajar fuera el horario laboral, en contexto COVID-19 y, como consecuencias impacto negativo en su bienestar psicológicos; los datos aportados sugieren implicancias interesantes del uso de las TICs que se extienden más allá de lo educativo y lo tecnológico, alcanzando además los campos: social, salud ocupacional y psicológico. Por lo que se recomienda seguir realizando investicaciones acerca de este fenómeno durante y post COVID-19(AU)

Almost two years after the adaptation of teaching work to the remote modality was imposed, the educational public policy does not visualize in its current discourse the attention to teaching techno-stress as a priority and there are no concrete actions directed in that direction. A quantitative, observational, descriptive and correlational study was carried out in three public schools, in order to obtain information on the prevalence of technostress in teachers and provide empirical evidence about the differences between the sexes, in terms of some factors associated with it. The results of techno-stress in the participating teachers, regardless of age, sex and years of experience and correlated with technological overload, intensity of daily work, techno-invasion and the socio-emotional consequences of working outside working hours, in context COVID-19 and, as consequences, a negative impact on their psychological well-being; the data provided suggest interesting implications of the use of ICTs that extend beyond education and technology, also reaching the fields: social, occupational health and psychological. Therefore, it is recommended to continue conducting research on this phenomenon during and after COVID-19(AU)

Efecto de extractos de frutas y hortalizas en la incorporación de glucosa en células musculares in vitro / Effect of fruit and vegetable extracts on the incorporation of glucose in muscle cells "in vitro"

Skeletal muscle appears to play a central role in the development of insulin resistance (IR) and consequently the metabolic syndrome due to high-fat diets, obesity, and aging. Recent evidence suggests that some bioactive compounds present in natural products can affect blood glucose, possibly due to interactions between the compounds and glucose transporters. As an objective, to evaluate the effect of the extract of the green bean (PV, Phaseolus vulgaris) and apple of small fruit of thinning (Malus domestica, MAF and MIT extracts) on the incorporation of glucose in C2C12 muscle cells. For this, the cytotoxic effect of the extracts on the cells was determined by detecting formazan. Subsequently, glucose incorporation was determined using a fluorescent glucose analog in cells treated with the extracts. Finally, the effect of the extracts on IL-6 and TNFα production was evaluated by ELISA. Results: PV and MAF decreased 50% of viability at 1000µg / mL while MIT only decreased 10% at that concentration. PV had no significant effect on glucose incorporation and the MAF and MIT extract extracts significantly increased glucose incorporation at 100 µg / mL (13500 and 18000 URF respectively). PV increases the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α, MAF and MIT only increase the expression of IL-6. Conclusion: These results make it possible to establish natural extracts derived from thinning small fruit apple can be used as a possible treatment for pathologies with high blood glucose levels.

La Tomasa reduce parámetros metabólicos e inflamatorios asociados a síndrome metabólico en un modelo murino / Tomasa reduces metabolic and inflammatory parameters associated with metabolic syndrome in a murine model

In our country, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death. Unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles, among other factors, have contributed to increase the risk for CDV in the population. An alternative to the commonly used pharmacological therapies is the use of validated natural products that can be incorporated in the development of functional foods or supplements. In particular, the tomato has been shown to have a protective role in CVD; its high content of antioxidants, particularly lycopene, provides it with extensively documented beneficial properties. Tomasa, a by-product of the agroindustry, maintains some of the beneficial characteristics of its fruit of origin. Mice fed with a high-fat (hypercaloric) diet increase their body weight and visceral adipose mass, and also display an increase in metabolic and inflammatory parameters. Our results allow us to conclude that the consumption of Tomasa in mice fed a hypercaloric diet reduces the blood levels of cholesterol, glycaemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results support the rationale of using of this by-product in the generation of functional ingredients with proven beneficial effects.

Impacto cardiovascular secundario a la terapia para el control del cáncer / The cardiovascular impact of cancer control therapy

Cardiovascular diseases and cancer account for 27 and 25% of mortality in Chile, respectively. In the last decades, survival of people with cancer has improved due to preventive programs, early detection strategies, advances in technology and development of new antineoplastic therapies. Consequently, a progressive number of cancer-surviving patients have been generated, who may develop cardiovascular diseases, secondary to the same cancer therapy. Cardio-Oncology has emerged as the necessary link between both specialties to promote the prevention and early detection of cardiac complications, in patients undergoing oncological therapies. The aim is to curb cardiovascular complications. Also, to acquire knowledge about the mechanisms and effects of drugs that lead to heart damage aiming to develop efficient cardioprotective therapies. In this article we review and propose a didactic organization and classification of the main cardiovascular effects of cancer control therapy. We recognize that there is still a knowledge gap in basic sciences about the mechanisms that underlie these alterations.

Niveles Plasmáticos de Citoquinas Proinflamatorias en Cáncer de Próstata / Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in prostate cancer

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer has become an important public health problem affecting millions of men worldwide every year. Like other malignant tumors, prostate cancer shows evidence of a strong inflammatory component that is dependent on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which might play a major role in the development and progression of the tumor, helping in its early stage, progression and aggressiveness. AIMS: The goal of this study was to determine the relationships between the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the different stages of prostate cancer. To this end, sera from patients enrolled by The Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry at the University Juan Agustín Maza in Argentina, were analyzed through ELISA and their pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) quantified. Patients were first classified into three groups (Control, at Risk, and Cancer subjects) and anthropometric, biochemical and histological parameters of prostate were then determined for all groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Despite displaying elevated serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in the Cancer and the Risk groups compared to the Control group, the differences did not reach significance. However, there was a positive correlation between these cytokines only in the Risk and Cancer groups, showing a general inflammatory behavior in these patients. The results obtained provide general data about the behavior of pro-inflammatory cytokines in prostate cancer. However, they do not demonstrate a direct correlation between serum levels and neoplastic progression. Nevertheless, these findings do not rule out a possible relationship between prostate cancer and serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Características del trabajo infantil en Riobamba / Characteristics of child labor in Riobamba

Introducción: el trabajo infantil es un problema social frecuente en Ecuador, que tiene implicaciones sobre el bienestar de los niños y su familias. Objetivo: caracterizar el trabajo infantil en el mercado San Alfonso de Riobamba, provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador desde un punto de vista socio-demográfico. Metodología: se aplicó una encuesta como técnica de investigación a 50 personas entre moradores y trabajadores del mercado San Alfonso de Riobamba. La encuesta fue aplicada por cinco encuestadores entrenados, un día sábado por ser el día de mayor afluencia de niños trabajadores, los datos fueron procesados a través de hojas de cálculo. Resultados: el 40% (20 encuestados), manifiesta que los niños trabajan para sustentar a la familia. El 74% (37 encuestados), respondió que los menores laboran como lustra botas. El 60% (30 de encuestados), indica que los menores que laboran en el mercado no se encuentran en compañía de sus padres y el 60% (30 encuestados) reconoce que los niños trabajan en jornadas de hasta 12 horas. Conclusiones: se identificó la existencia de trabajo infantil en el mercado San Alfonso de Riobamba, como mecanismo de contribución para el sustento familiar. Deberían adoptarse medidas para reducir este problema social.

Introduction: child labor is a frequent social problem in Ecuador, which has implications on the well-being of children and their families. Objective: to characterize child labor in San Alfonso market of Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador from a socio-demographic point of view. Methodology: a survey applied to 50 people between residents and workers of the San Alfonso market of Riobamba. The survey was conducted by five trained interviewers, it was applied one Saturday as it the day of higher influx of working children. Data were processed using spreadsheets. Results: 40% (20 respondents) stated that children work to support their families. 74% (37 respondents) indicated that children work shining shoes. 60% (30 of respondents), indicated that children working in the market are not accompanied by their parents and 60% (30 respondents) said that children work at least 12 hours a day. Conclusions: The existence of child labor in San Alfonso market market was identified as a mechanism of family support. It is necessary to implement measures to avoid this social problem.

Relationship between severity of adult community-acquired pneumonia and impairment of the antioxidant defense system

Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance has been reported in some infectious diseases, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The aim was to assess the antioxidant status in adults with CAP and its relationship with clinical severity at admission. Fifty-nine patients with CAP were enrolled and categorized at admission by the FINE score, from July 2010 to October 2012. In the same period 61 controls were enrolled. Plasma samples were obtained at admission for determination of the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane). Erythrocyte reduced (GSH)/oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activity were assessed. Antioxidant status in adults with CAP represented by FRAP and the GSH/GSSG ratio were 16.8% (p=0.03) and 39.7% (p=0.04) lower than control values, respectively. In addition, FRAP values showed a positive correlation with GSH/GSSG ratio (r=0.852; p<0.02; n=59). The CAP group showed greater lipid peroxidation in both plasma and erythrocytes. The FINE score correlated negatively with FRAP (r= -0.718; p<0.05; n=59) and positively with MDA and F2 isoprostane levels (r=0.673; p<0.05; n=59; r=0.892; p<0.01; n=59, respectively). Antioxidant status alterations correlated with clinical severity. The FRAP assay and lipid peroxidation biomarkers may provide a useful parameter for estimating the severity and the clinical outcome of patients with CAP.

Ingesta de tomate reduce niveles de colesterol en ratas Wistar / Tomato intake lowers cholesterol levels in rats

Cardiovascular diseases are closely associated with lifestyle risk factors, some of them modifiable. Animal studies and clinical observations have suggested a relationship between serum total cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were modified by the consumption of fresh tomato juice. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of daily consumption of tomato mash on cholesterol and other biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. To carry out this research two groups of rats (n = 6 each one), were formed, one of which was supplemented with a mash diet tomato and the other was used for control. After 15 days of testing, the rats were sacrificed and plasma collected was used for biochemical determination of total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. The cholesterol level decreased in the study group (33,7+/-2,78 mg/dL) with respect to that of control group (58,6+/-10,6 mg/dL). This study showed an ipocholesterolemic effect of the tomato in rats. Future studies could examine this activity in dyslipidemic subjects.

Expresión de ICAM-1 en el endotelio de arterias humanas mediante inmunohistoquímica / ICAM-1 Expression in endothelium of human arteries by immunohistochemistry

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial. Entre ellas tienen gran relevancia las de tipo isquémicas, en donde el desarrollo de placas ateroscleróticas es el proceso fisiopatológico central. El estudio de la aterosclerosis es fundamental para comprender como se inicia este proceso patológico y los factores que influyen en su desarrollo. Distintas metodologías de laboratorio, entre otras la inmunohistoquímica, permiten reconocer las células y moléculas que participan en el proceso ateromatoso y que van interactuando según la progresión de la lesión. Un marcador de disfunción endotelial es la mayor expresión de la molécula de adhesión intercelular ICAM-1. En este trabajo se realizó la estandarización de inmunohistoquímica para la molécula de adhesión ICAM-1, y se estudió su expresión en arterias humanas sanas y con placa ateromatosa. En las muestras de arterias humanas con patología aterosclerótica, la expresión de ICAM-1 se observó aumentada, pero fue de difícil reconocimiento. Esto principalmente porque el tejido empleado como control en la estandarización fue una amígdala con hiperplasia y proceso inflamatorio que aumenta notablemente la expresión de ICAM-1. La implementación del método de inmunohistoquímica para ICAM-1 en arterias humanas permitirá conocer estados de disfunción endotelial y el desarrollo futuro del diseño e implementación de métodos de diagnóstico en aquellos procesos ateroclerótico en estado incipiente.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world. Among them the ischemic type are of great importance, where the development of atherosclerotic plaques is the central pathophysiological process. The study of atherosclerosis is critical to understand how this disease process begins and factors influencing its development. Various laboratory methods, including immunohistochemistry, allow the recognition of cells and molecules involved in the atheromatous process that are interacting according to the progression of the lesion. A marker of endothelial dysfunction is the increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. In this paper, an immunohistochemistry method was standardized for the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, and its expression was studied in healthy human arteries with atheromatous plaque. In samples of human arteries with atherosclerotic disease, the expression of ICAM-1 was observed to be increased, but was hardly recognizable. This mainly because the tissue used as a control for standardization was a tonsil with an inflammatory process and hyperplasia, which significantly increases the expression of ICAM-1. The implementation of the immunohistochemistry method for ICAM-1 in human arteries will reveal endothelial dysfunction states that will enable a future design and implementation of methods of diagnosis in atherosclerotic processes in the early stages.

El consumo de futas y hortalizas ayuda a prevenir el daño endotelial / Consumption of fruits and vegetables in the prevention of endothelial damage

The endothelium helps to maintain the normal structure and homeostasis of the vasculature. However, chronic exposure to cardiovascular (CV) risk factors causes endothelial dysfunction, a phenomenon that is characterized by inflammation, reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and a prothrombotic state. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables reduces CV risk, which has caused interest in knowing the bioactive compounds and the mechanisms involved. Among the components that protect the endothelium are antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E and poly phenols) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin C and E promote vasodilatation protecting NO by blocking the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Poly phenols improve endothelial function primarily by increasing levels of NO, and inhibition of angiogenesis and platelet activation. Diets rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids have shown beneficial effects by reducing the gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the expression of cell adhesion molecules. This review mainly highlights the current understanding of endothelial dysfunction and the protective effect of endothelial cells by bioactive components of fruits and vegetables.

El endotelio normal ayuda a mantener la estructura y la hemostasia vascular. Sin embargo, la exposición crónica a factores de riesgo cardiovascular (CV) produce disfunción endotelial, fenómeno que se caracteriza por inflamación, disminución en la biodisponibilidad de óxido nítrico (NO) y un estado protrombótico. Estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que el consumo regular de frutas y hortalizas disminuye el riesgo CV, lo que ha causado interés en conocer los compuestos bioactivos y los mecanismos involucrados. Entre los componentes que protegen el endotelio se encuentran las moléculas antioxidantes (vitamina C, vitamina E y polifenoles) y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados. Las vitaminas C y E favorecen la vasodilatación protegiendo el NO al bloquear las especies reactivas del oxigeno (ROS). Los polifenoles mejoran la función endotelial principalmente por el aumento de los niveles de NO, y la inhibición de la angiogénesis y de la activación plaquetaria. Dietas ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados han mostrado efectos beneficiosos, mediante la reducción de la expresión géni-ca de la ciclooxigenasa-2 y de la expresión de moléculas de adhesión celular. Esta revisión principalmente señala los conocimientos actuales de la disfunción endotelial y el efecto protector de las células endoteliales por componentes bioactivos de frutas y hortalizas.

Rabdomiólisis e insuficiencia renal aguda por consumo de cocaína: caso clínico / Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure after cocaine overdose: Report of one case

Rhabdomyolysis caused by cocaine abuse is multifactorial, involving tissue ischemia secondary to vasoconstriction and cellular damage caused by the drug. Renal failure may or may be not associated to rhabdomyolysis. We report a 41-year-old male admitted with a severe rhabdomyolysis after a cocaine overdose. In spite of a vigorous hydration and alkalization, he developed acute renal failure. Renal function recovered after several weeks of dialysis.

Actividad antioxidante, hipolipemiante y antiplaquetaria del tomate ( Solanum lycopersicum L. ) y el efecto de su procesamiento y almacenaje / Antioxidant activity, lipid lowering and antiplatelet of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L. ) and its effect of processing and storage

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of mortality worldwide. To prevent CVD it is recommended to quit smoking, the practice of physical activity and the consumption of healthy food. In this context, numerous studies have shown the importance of frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables (at least5 a day). It has been described an inverse relationship between vegetables consumption and the risk of developing CVD, which is mainly explained by its antioxidant activity, and in some cases lipid-lowering and platelet effects. In this sense, the increase in regular consumption of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and related products, can improve the some cardiovascular parameters. The current lifestyle favors the consumption of processed foods, a situation that may affect the stability of tomato components and their physicochemical properties. This review addresses the antioxidant activities, lipid-lowering and antiaggregant properties of tomato, as well as the effect of processing and storage. Additionally, a summary of some patents associated with beneficial effects on health. As bibliographic source www.pubmed.org was mainly used, the terms used in the search were and platelet, tomato, and platelet, antioxidant, among others, then search the full texts of items of common interest.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte en el mundo. En su prevención tiene mucha importancia el no fumar, realizar actividad física y consumir alimentos saludables. En este contexto, numerosos estudios han demostrado la importancia del consumo frecuente de frutas y hortalizas (al menos 5 porciones al día). Se ha descrito una relación inversa entre su ingesta y el riesgo de desarrollar ECV, lo que se explica principalmente por su actividad antioxidante, hipolipemiante y en algunos casos antiplaquetaria. En ese sentido aumentar el consumo actual de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) y productos del tomate, puede mejorar algunos parámetros cardiovasculares. El actual estilo de vida induce a las personas a consumir alimentos procesados, lo que podría afectar la estabilidad de sus componentes y sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Esta revisión aborda la actividad antioxidante, hipolipemiante y antiagregante plaquetaria del tomate, como también el efecto que tiene el procesamiento y almacenaje sobre dichas actividades. Adicionalmente se resumen algunas patentes asociadas a efectos beneficiosos en la salud. Como fuentes bibliográficas se utilizó principalmente www.pubmed.org; los términos utilizados en la búsqueda fueron: antiplatelet, tomato, platelet, antioxidant, entre otros; luego se buscaron los textos completos de los artículos que interesaban.

El consumo de manzanas contribuye a prevenir el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cáncer: antecedentes epidemiológicos y mecanismos de acción / Apple consumption helps to prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancer: epidemiology and mode of action

Consumption of fruit and vegetables has the potential to reduce non-transmissible diseases (NTD), such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer, which are major public health concerns. Chile is a major apple producer and exporter in the world. Its production is concentrated in the sixth (O'Higgins) and seventh (Maule) regions of Central Chile. Phenolics and flavonoids are responsible for apple's high antioxidant activity. Many epidemiologic studies have shown that a diet rich in apples can reduce cardiovascular events (myocardial infarct and stroke) and some type of cancers. The mechanisms involved are not well understood. Nevertheless, antioxidants are key-players. Some of their in-vitro activities are inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, cholesterol levels reduction, endothelium protection, reduction of neoplastic cells proliferation and apoptosis activation. Consequently, daily apple consumption campaigns in the country should be implemented, as well as funding research focused on molecular mechanisms involved in its antioxidant activity.

Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), especialmente las cardiovasculares (ECV) y el cáncer, representan un grave problema de salud pública. Es conocido que el consumo de frutas y hortalizas disminuye el riesgo de sufrir dichas enfermedades. El manzano (Malus domestica Borkh.) se cultiva en Chile en una amplia zona geográfica, concentrándose principalmente en las regiones sexta y séptima. La actividad antioxidante de la manzana se debe principalmente a su contenido en fenoles y flavonoides. Varios estudios epidemiológicos han mostrado que el consumo de manzanas puede prevenir el desarrollo de ECV (infarto agudo de miocardio y enfermedad cerebro vascular) y ciertos tipos de cáncer. Los mecanismos por los cuales se producen dichos efectos, no están totalmente aclarados, sin embargo la participación de los antioxidantes es fundamental. Entre los principales hallazgos se han descrito, en relación a ECV: inhibición de la oxidación de low-density lipoprotein (LDL), disminución de colesterol total y protección de endotelio; y en relación a cáncer: disminución de la proliferación de células neoplásicas y activación de la apoptosis de las mismas. Debido al incuestionable efecto protector para la salud humana que presenta la ingesta de manzana, se deben impulsar estrategias que apunten a incentivar su consumo diario en el país. Asimismo, se deben seguir estudiando los principios activos y los mecanismos moleculares.

Polimorfismo 4G/5G del inhibidor del activador de plasminógeno tipo 1 en síndrome metabólico / Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 polymorphisms in metabolic syndrome

El inhibidor del activador de plasminógeno tipo 1 (PAl-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1) es el inhibidor primario de la fibrinólisis. Se ha descrito que un aumento o disminución puede asociarse a riesgo de trombosis y hemorragia, respectivamente. De los nueve polimorfismos que se han descrito en su gen, el denominado 4G15G ha sido el más estudiado. Se ha visto que personas con el genotipo 4G/4G presentan mayor concentración plasmática do PAl-1. En individuos con Síndrome Metabólico (SM) se ha observado mayor concentración do PAl-1. El propósito de este estudio fue conocer el genotipo 4G/5G en individuos con SM (n: 82) respecto a un grupo control (n: 75). Para ello se utilizo el método PCR alelo especifica. La frecuencia genotípica obtenida en los sujetos con SM fue de 23 por ciento, 43 por ciento y 34 por ciento para los genotipos 4G/4G, 4G/5G y 5G/5G, respectivamente. En los sujetos sin SM so observo una prevalencia de 11 por ciento, 56 por ciento, 33 por ciento para los genotipos 4G/4G, 4G/5G y 5G/5G, respectivamente. Las diferencias entre los distintos genotipos y la condición de ser o no SM no fueron significativas (p= 0,083), posiblemente porque nuestra población en estudio fue pequeña. Por otra parte, no hubo relación entre el genotipo y la concentración plasmática de PAl-1; es posible que esta última este influenciada por distintos factores, además del polimorfismo 4G/5G. La frecuencia genotípica obtenida en este estudio fue similar a la encontrada en sujetos latinos y diferentes a las de afroamericanos e italianos, posiblemente el genotipo pudiera estar influenciado por la raza.

Polimorfismos de los genes cytochrome P450 y VKORC1 afectan la terapia anticoagulante oral / Polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 genes and VKORC1 affect the oral anticoagulant therapy

Los llamados factores vitaminas k dependientes (FII, FVII, FIXy FX), requieren ser carboxilados por la enzima gamma carboxilasa de los hepatocitos para ser funcionales. Esta enzima utiliza como cofactor vitamina K reducida, condición que se logra por acción de la enzima epóxido reductasa. Los anticoagulantes orales (ACO) son antagonistas de la vitamina K, quedando esta última en forma oxidada, no pudiendo actuar como cofactor. La variabilidad interindividual del tratamiento anticoagulante (TAC) se explica por factores ambientales, desconocidos y genéticos. Entre estos últimos los polimorfismos genéticos del cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9) y de la vitamina K epóxido reductasa (VKOR), los cuales se han relacionado con la variación en las dosis de ACO en distintas poblaciones del mundo. En dicho contexto se muestran resultados preliminares de un polimorfismo de CYP2C9 obtenidos en el Programa de Investigación de Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (PIFRECV). Además se describen brevemente otros polimorfismos que podrían influir sobre la variabilidad en la respuesta al TAC.

Efecto antioxidante de frutas y hortalizas de la zona central de Chile / Antioxidant effect of fruits and vegetables of central region of Chile

Las especies reactivas del oxígeno (ERO) causan daño celular que se puede expresar como patología, tales como las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El organismo humano cuenta con sistemas antioxidantes; algunos provienen de la dieta, especialmente de frutas y hortalizas, otros los genera el mismo organismo de manera endógena. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la capacidad antioxidante in vitro de algunas frutas y hortalizas que se consumen en la Región del Maule de Chile. Las once especies de frutas y 16 de hortalizas empleadas en el estudio fueron adquiridas en el Centro Regional de Abastecimiento de Talca, en época de cosecha; a partir de ellas se obtuvo extractos acuosos y metanólicos. La actividad antioxidante se determinó mediante decoloración del radical violeta 2,2-difenil-I-picril hidrazilo hidratado (DPPH). En general la actividad antioxidante, en extractos metanólicos, fue mayor en frutas (70,3 por ciento; 87,7-54,3 por ciento de decoloración) que en hortalizas (54,7 por ciento; 44,3-79,7 por ciento) (p < 0.003) y dependiente de la concentración del extracto evaluado. En los ensayos a 1000 f < g/m, la mayoría de las frutas mostraron un porcentaje de decoloración superior al 60 por ciento y las que presentaron mayor actividad antioxidante fueron frambuesa, frutilla y kiwi. Entre las hortalizas, las que presentaron mayor actividad antioxidante, fueron los tomates seguidos por pepino dulce, betarraga, melón tuna, pimentón y sandía. La actividad antioxidante observada en la mayoría de las frutas y hortalizas evaluadas podría ser un argumento científico a dar a conocer en las campañas de promoción del consumo interno y en la exportación de productos hortofrutícolas.

The reactive oxygen species (ERO) cause cell damage that can be expressed as a disease, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other non transmissible chronic diseases. The human body has antioxidant systems, some come from the diet, especially fruits and vegetables, and others are generated by the same organism as an endogenous way. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity of some fruits and vegetables that are consumed in the Maule Region, Chile. Eleven species of fruits and 16 of vegetables used in the study were obtained at the Regional Center of Fruits and Vegetables of Talca during the harvest season, and different aqueous and methanol extract were obtained. The antioxidant activity was determined by purple discoloration of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hidrazilo hydrated (DPPH). In general the antioxidant activity was slightly higher in fruits (70,3 percent; 87,7-54,3 percent) than in vegetables (54,7 percent; 44,3-79,7 percent) (p < 0.003) and it was dependent on the concentration of the extract. In the tests at 1000 ug/m, most fruits showed a higher percentage of discoloration over to 60 percent; those that showed higher antioxidant activity were raspberry, strawberry and kiwi. Among vegetables, those showing higher antioxidant activity were tomato, followed by melon pear, red beet, melon (type tuna), sweet pepper and watermelon. The antioxidant activity observed in most fruits and vegetables could be assessed as a scientific argument to make known in promotional campaigns in national consumption and the horticultural products exports.

Fisiopatología del estado protrombótico en el síndrome metabólico / Pathophysiology of the prothrombotic state in metabolic syndrome

El síndrome metabólico (SM) se caracteriza por la presencia de tres de los siguientes criterios: obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia, disminución del colesterol HDL, presión arterial alta en tratamiento, e hiperglicemia o diabetes mellitus en tratamiento. En la mayoría de los países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo, la prevalencia de SM fluctúa entre 20 y 30 por ciento en la población adulta. La presencia de SM representa un aumento del riesgo cardiovascular, situación que se asociaría en parte, al estado protrombótico que acompaña este síndrome, y que incluye disfunción endotelial, hipercoagulabilidad, hipofibrinólisis y activación plaquetaria.El estado protrombótico del SM no está suficientemente estudiado. Seguramente el mayor conocimiento de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que contribuyen a dicho estado, podría ser importante en la búsqueda de nuevas estrategias de prevención y tratamiento de eventos cardiovasculares en dichos pacientes.