ABSTRACT
Comunications between nerves are relatively common, and individual variations in their anatomical organization have been described. Knowledge of the prevalence of such variations is necessary when establishing the diagnosis of both sexes, were dissected to examine the communication between the median and ulnar nerves (Martin-Gruber anastomosis). This anastomosis was found in five cases (7.8 por cento) one of which was bilateral. There were no significant gender or racial differences in the incidence of this connection. The anastomosis showed secondary branches in two cases, and ran posteriorly to the ulnar artery in three cases, and advanced anteriorly to the flexor digitorum profundus muscles in all cases. Despite the low incidence of Martin-Gruber anastomosis in Brazilians observed here, the importance of an adequate investigation of these connections needs to be underscored. Understanding the existence of this variation, its location and its possible presentation is important for correct patient assistance.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Median Nerve , Nerve Fibers , Ulnar Nerve , Anastomosis, Surgical , Cadaver , Cross-Over StudiesABSTRACT
Soon after denervation, skeletal muscle undergoes ultrastructural and molecular changes that ultimately lead to muscle atrophy and cell death. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is effective in preventing the artrophy of denervated muscles, but it is unclear whether FES can prevent the progression of ultrastructural changes in the sarcotubular system and cell death after denervation. In this work, we developed a model to study the effects of FES on the ultrastructural changes in the sarcotubular system and the cell death which follow skeletal muscle denervation. The right sciatic nerve of adult rats was sectioned and after 1 day, and 1, 2 and 3 weeks the tibialis anterioris muscle was electricall stimulated. FES was done for 1, 2, 3, 10 and 20 weeks after denervation. The stimuli (10 Hz) were given for 10s followed by a 10s rest for a total of 30 min/day. Transmission electron microscopy showed that progressive dilatation of the sarcotubular system, as well as signs of cell death, were prevented when stimulation was started one day or one week after denervation. This model could be useful for undertanding the correlation between the structural changes and the molecules involved in the dilatation of the sarcotubular system or cell death.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Muscle Denervation/methods , Electric Stimulation/methods , Microscopy, Electron/methods , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructureABSTRACT
Communications between nerves are relatively common, and individual variations in their anatomical organization have been described. Knowledge of the prevalence of such variations is necessary when estabilishing the diagnosis of neuropathies and surgical landmarks. In this study, 64 anterior forearm regions of cadavers of blacks and whites of both sexes, were dissected to examine the communications between the median and ulnar nerves (Martin-Gruber anastomosis). This anastomosis was found in five cases (7,8%), one of which was bilateral. There were no significant gender or racial differences in the incidence of this connection. The anastomosis in Brazilians observed here, the impoprtance of an adequate investigation of these connections needs to be underscored. Understanding the existence of this variations, its location and its possible presentation is important for correct patient assistance.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Anastomosis, Surgical/instrumentation , Anastomosis, Surgical/methods , Anastomosis, Surgical/rehabilitation , Ulnar Nerve/abnormalities , Ulnar Nerve/surgery , Ulnar Nerve/injuriesABSTRACT
Sao discutidos os efeitos prejudiciais do formaldeído, baseados em resultados de pesquisas científicas que sao principalmente publicados em revistas nao usualmente lidas por anatomistas. O objetivo do presente artigo é fazer uma súmula dos reais perigos dessa substância para a saúde. Suas propriedades e origem sao sucintamente mencionadas, seus efeitos tóxicos sao descritos e sao feitas recomendaçoes para minimizar as conseqüências do seu uso. Esses dados certamente ajudarao os anatomistas a discutirem com mais precisao o potencial de risco do formaldeído, para a saúde.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anatomy , Formaldehyde/toxicity , Laboratories , Occupational Exposure , Air Pollutants, Occupational/toxicity , Occupational RisksABSTRACT
Os estudos sobre a luxaçäo do nervo ulnar do cotovelo demonstram a necessidade de um maior conhecimento em relaçäo aos aspectos anatômicos desta regiäo. Com esse objetivo, estudou-se os meios de manutençäo do nervo ulnar na goteira epitrócleo-olecraniana em 50 membros superiores formolizados e a profundidade do sulco ulnar em 100 úmeros macerados de indivíduos adultos. Conclui-se que o nervo é mantido em seu leito pelo ligamento epitrócleo-oclaniano, pela aponeurose do músculo flexor ulnar do carpo e espessamento da fáscia muscular superficial e que a profundidade do sulco é razoavelmente capaz de alojar o nervo ulnar em seu leito, em condiçöes normais