ABSTRACT
El cáncer de vejiga representa un problema de salud pública importante a nivel mundial. En Chile su relevancia es aún mayor en la región de Antofagasta. Este cáncer se caracteriza por una alta tasa de recurrencia, por lo que los pacientes requieren un seguimiento estricto que afecta su calidad de vida e implica elevados costos para los sistemas de salud. Esto explica la necesidad de optimizar los tratamientos actuales (quimioterapia e inmunoterapia con BCG intravesical) para reducir las tasas de recurrencia y progresión. Los esfingolípidos son lípidos bioactivos que a nivel celular cumplen funciones relacionadas con la regulación del crecimiento, proliferación, migración, invasión, resistencia a drogas y apoptosis. La evidencia disponible a la fecha sobre el rol de los esfingolípidos en cáncer de vejiga es escasa, pero sugiere que en este cáncer existe un metabolismo esfingolipídico desplazado hacia la reducción de los niveles intracelulares de ceramida y esfingosina (esfingolípidos pro-apoptóticos) y aumento de esfingosina 1-fosfato (esfingolípido anti-apoptótico). La manipulación del metabolismo esfingolipídico para invertir esta relación se propone en esta revisión como una estrategia que podría ayudar a optimizar el efecto de las terapias disponibles actualmente para reducir las recurrencias y progresiones de los tumores de vejiga no músculo-invasores...
Bladder cancer is an important health problem worldwide. In Chile it has particular relevance in the region of Antofagasta. This cancer is characterized by a high recurrence rate, for which patients need a strict follow up that impairs their quality of life and determines increased costs for health care systems. These facts explain the necessity of optimizing the actual treatments (chemotherapy and BCG immunotherapy) for reducing the rates of recurrence and progression. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that at a cellular level have roles related to the regulation of growth, proliferation, migration, invasiveness, drug resistance and apoptosis. To date, the available evidence about the role of sphingolipids in bladder cancer is scarce, but suggests that in this cancer there is a sphingolipid metabolism shifted towards a reduction of the intracellular levels of ceramide and sphingosine (pro-apoptotic sphingolipids) and an increase of sphingosine 1-phosphate (anti-apoptotic sphingolipid). In this review we propose that the manipulation of the sphingolipid metabolism to invert this balance can contribute to optimize the effect of the actual therapies to reduce the rates of recurrence and progression of non-muscle invasive bladder cancers...
Subject(s)
Humans , Sphingolipids/metabolism , Sphingolipids/therapeutic use , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapyABSTRACT
Los lípidos no sólo son moléculas estructurales de las membranas. Hay numerosos ejemplos de lípidos que median acciones fisiológicas dentro de las células. Específicamente, esfingolípidos como ceramida, esfingosina y esfingosina-1-fosfato (S1P) han sido involucrados en el control del crecimiento celular, la proliferación y la migración, todo lo cual se ha relacionado con el cáncer.Los efectos pro-apoptóticos de la ceramida y la esfingosina son revertidos por S1P. Por lo tanto, el destino de la célula puede ser modulada mediante el cambio de la proporción de estos esfingolípidos (el modelo reóstato). S1P promueve la proliferación celular, el crecimiento, la supervivencia, la migración, invasión y resistencia fármacos y radiación, en parte a través de receptores de membrana (S1PR1-5). La sobreexpresión de enzimas productoras de S1P y el aumento de los niveles de S1P se ha descrito en muchos tipos de cáncer, incluyendo cánceres urológicos. Por lo tanto, se pueden identificar posibles objetivos terapéuticos en el metabolismo y las vías de señalización de los esfingolípidos, cuya relevancia clínica debe ser determinada en futuros estudios.
Lipids are not only structural molecules of the membranes. There are numerous examples of lipids mediating physiologic actions within the cells. Specifically, sphingolipids like ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been described to be involved in the control of cell growth, proliferation and migration, all of which has been linked to cancer. The pro-apoptotic effects of ceramide and sphingosine are opposed by S1P. Therefore, the fate of the cell can be modulated by changing the ratio of these sphingolipids (the rheostat model). S1P promotes cell proliferation, growth, survival, migration, invasion and resistance to drugs and radiation, in part mediated by S1P membrane receptors (S1PR1-5). Overexpression of S1P producing enzymes and increased S1P levels has been described in many cancers, including urological cancers. Therefore, potential therapeutic targets can be recognized in the metabolism and signaling pathways of sphingolipids and their clinical relevance have to be determined in future studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives , Lysophospholipids/physiology , Urologic Neoplasms/metabolism , Sphingosine/physiology , Kidney Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
In this, paper. are reported by the first time, the species of sand flies founded at north of the state of Roraima, Brasil, colected with CDC - light traps, and malaise thapis. Twenty seven species in the region have been reported increasing the number, of known species for. the state to fifty five.
Neste trabalho são reportadas pela primeira vez, as espécies de flebotomíneos acha dos no norte do Estado de Roraima, Brasil; coletadas com armadilhas CDC e Malaise. São reportadas vinte, e oito espécies na região elevando o total para cinquenta e seis conhe cidas para o Estado.
ABSTRACT
Working in tree different areas in the Brazilian Amazon , was catched twenty two species of Culicoides, which four species yet not have been collected in the Amazon Region: C. efferus Fox, C. lahillei Wirth & Blanton, C. spurius Wirth & Blanton an C. verecundus Macfie. Biting midges were distributed for areas and according to hight of collected with CDC light traps; are relationed the names of 63 species at now reported in the brazilian Amazon basin.
Trabalhando em três áreas da Amazônia Brasileira, capturamos 22 espécies de Culicoides, dos quais quatros deles não haviam sido encontradas, na região: C. efferus Fox, C. lahillei Wirth & Blanton, C. spurius Wirth & Blanton e C. verecundus Macfie. Distribuimos os insetos por área e conforme a altura em que foram capturados com armadilhas CDC; e apresentamos os nomes das 63 espécies até agora assinaladas na parte brasileira da bacia Amazônica.
ABSTRACT
Six species of Anthropophilic midges Culicoides: C. debilipalpis, C. foxi, C. lutzi, C. paraensis, C. pseudodiabolicus e C. todatangae, have been collected, in three different areas, of the Ducke Forest Reserve. Geographical distribution, ecological and taxonomics aspects were studied.
Seis espécies de Culicoides latreille, antropófilos: C. debilipalpis, C. foxi, C. lutzi, C. paraensis, C. pseudodiabolicus e C. todatangae, foram capturados com isca humana em três distintas áreas, na Reserva Florstal Ducke. A distribição geográfica, aspectos ecológicos e taxonômicos foram abordados.
ABSTRACT
Summary This study concerns to the social communication of S. surinama during alarm and nest defense. Visual and pheromone responses are Incriminated as stimulants of excitation and attack, and are related to the factors necessary to produce general alarm in the nest, as are: rate of wings vibration of nest guards and blows to the involucre.
Resumo Relaciona-se neste estudo o comportamento social da comunicação durante o alarma e defesa do ninho de S. surinama na presença de vespas S. surinama de colônias diferentes e vespas Polistes canadensis. Incriminam-se aspectos visuais e feromônios como estímulos de excitação e ataque, e relacionam-se os fatores necessários para produzir alarma geral no ninho, como são: golpes sobre o invólucro e tempo de vibração das asas das guardiãs dos ninhos.