ABSTRACT
Introducción: La circunferencia del brazo (CB) se reconoce como buen indicador del estado nutricional. Objetivo: Estimar los percentilos de referencia para la CB y las áreas muscular (AM) y grasa (AG) del brazo en la población infantojuvenil argentina mediante el empleo del método LMS (lambda, mu, sigma, en inglés). Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo constituida por escolares de 4,0 a 13,9 años residentes en Jujuy, Catamarca, Misiones, Buenos Aires, Mendoza y Chubut. Las mediciones antropométricas de la CB y del pliegue tricipital se realizaron entre 2003 y 2008 siguiendo protocolos estandarizados. Se estimaron las AM, AG, se calcularon los percentilos por edad y sexo, y se compararon mediante el análisis de la varianza. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22 736 escolares (11 397 varones y 11 339 mujeres). Los valores correspondientes al percentilo 50 fueron superiores, en las mujeres, para CB y AG, y, en los varones, para AM. Las curvas de CB presentaron incrementos más marcados a partir de los 7 años en todos los percentilos, para ambos sexos. Un patrón similar se observó para AM, con valores superiores en los varones. Por último, el AG mostró aumento constante en las mujeres y estabilización en los varones a partir de los 11 años. Se observaron diferencias para la edad. Conclusiones: Los valores de percentilos, tabulados y graficados, de la CB y de las AM y AG del brazo pueden constituir una referencia local para estudios epidemiológicos y antropológicos.
Introduction: Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is widely recognized as an adequate indicator of nutritional status. Objective: To estimate the reference percentiles for MUAC, upper arm muscle area (UAMA), and upper arm fat area (UAFA) in the Argentine child and adolescent population using the LMS method (lambda, mu, sigma) Materials and methods: The sample was made up of schoolchildren aged 4.0-13.9 years living in Jujuy, Catamarca, Misiones, Buenos Aires, Mendoza, and Chubut. MUAC and tricipital skinfold anthropometric measurements were obtained between 2003 and 2008 as per standardized protocols. UAMA and UAFA were calculated, and percentiles by age and sex were estimated and compared using an analysis of variance. Results: A total of 22 736 schoolchildren (11 397 boys and 11 339 girls) were included. The 50th percentile was higher for the MUAC and UAFA among girls and for the UAMA among boys. The MUAC curves showed sharper increases as of 7 years old in all percentiles among both boys and girls. A similar pattern was observed for the UAMA, with higher values among boys. Lastly, the UAFA showed a constant increase among girls and a stabilization among boys as of 11 years old. Differences for age were observed. Conclusions: The tabulated and plotted percentiles and the MUAC, UAMA, and UAFA may be used as local references for epidemiological and anthropological studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Argentina , Reference Values , Mid-Upper Arm Circumference , Body Composition , AnthropometryABSTRACT
Reports on ectoparasites on dogs in Central America are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify flea, louse and tick species infesting dogs in home environments on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica, and determine their frequency and coexistence. Ectoparasites were collected from dogs in 83 rural homes at five study sites. Specimens were identified and separated according to species. Fleas were the most common ectoparasite (G = 22,217, DF = 8, p = 0.004). Ctenocephalides felis and Pulex simulans were found in 83% and 55% of the homes with ectoparasites, respectively. Trichodectes canis (13%), Heterodoxus spiniger (10%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (18%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (5%) and Amblyomma ovale (8%) were also present. More than one species was collected in most cases (66%), and the most common combination was C. felis and P. simulans (59% of homes with fleas). The high frequency of P. simulans emphasizes the need for adequate identification. This was the first study involving different ectoparasites of dogs in Costa Rica, as well as the first report of T. canis in this country. The relative frequency and coexistence of these ectoparasites in the home environment may have implications for animal and human health.
Relatos de ectoparasitos em cães da América Central são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar espécies de pulgas, piolhos e carrapatos que infestam os cães no ambiente doméstico da vertente Caribe da Costa Rica, determinando sua frequência e coexistência. Foram coletados ectoparasitos de cães em 83 casas rurais de cinco sítios do estudo. Os indivíduos foram separados e identificados. Os ectoparasitos mais comuns foram as pulgas (G = 22.217, DF = 8, p = 0.004). Ctenocephalides felis e Pulex simulans foram observados em 83% e 55% das moradias com ectoparasitos, respectivamente. Da mesma forma também foram observados Trichodectes canis (13%), Heterodoxus spiniger (10%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (18%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (5%) e Amblyomma ovale (8%). Na maioria dos casos, mais de uma espécie foi achada (66%), sendo que a combinação mais comum foi C. felis e P. simulans (59% de moradias com pulgas). A frequência alta de P. simulans ressalta a necessidade de sua adequada identificação. Este é o primeiro estudo que envolve diferentes ectoparasitas de cães na Costa Rica, da mesma forma, é o primeiro relato de T. canis no país. A frequência relativa e coexistência destes ectoparasitos no ambiente domiciliar poderiam ter implicações na saúde animal e humana.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ticks/parasitology , Dogs/parasitology , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology , Phthiraptera/parasitology , Siphonaptera/parasitology , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Introducción. Los factores socioambientales desempeñan un papel esencial en la etiología del sobrepeso (S) y la obesidad (O) y constituyen elllamado entorno obesogénico. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son: a) estimar las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de 3 a 14 años del partido de Brandsen (Provincia deBuenos Aires) y b) analizar la probabilidad de ocurrencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en relación a las condiciones socioambientales de residencia. Población y métodos. Se relevaron peso y talla de 989 escolares, de ambos sexos, de 3-14 años de edad. Se determinaron S y O según los criterios de la International Obesity Task Force. Las prevalencias fueron comparadas entre sexos y edades. Los datos socioambientales, obtenidos apartir de encuestas, fueron procesados mediante Análisis de Componentes Principales (catPCA). Se empleó un Modelo Lineal Generalizado (link logit) para las variables S y O. Resultados. El 15,8% de los escolares presentó S yel 7,2% O, encontrándose diferencias estadísticas no significativas entre sexos y edades. El primer eje del análisis catPCA, discriminó con valorespositivos los casos que presentaron las mejores condiciones socioambientales y negativos las más desfavorables. Hubo mayor probabilidad de niños obesos asociada a condiciones socioambientalesadecuadas (mayor nivel educativo depadres, mayores ingresos y mejor acceso a servicios públicos), en tanto que se observó mayor probabilidad de niños con sobrepeso asociada a ambientes menos favorecidos. Conclusiones. Se concluye que la población escolar de Brandsen presenta elevadas prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad. La probabilidad de presentar sobrepeso es mayor en los niñosprovenientes de hogares con condiciones socioambientalesdesfavorables. La obesidad, en cambio, lo es en aquellos hogares que reúnencondiciones socioambientales favorables.
Introduction. Environmental factors play an important role in the etiology of overweight (S) and obesity (O), constituting the "obesogenic environment. The objectives of the present study are: a) to estimate overweight and obesity prevalences in 3 to 14 years-old schoolchildrenfrom Brandsen (Provincia de Buenos Aires), and b) to analyze the probability of occurrence of overweight and obesity in relation to the socioenvironmentalconditions of resident. Population and methods. Weight and height were measured in 989 boys and girls aged 3 to 14 years. S and O were estimated following the criteria suggested by the International Obesity Task Force. The prevalences of S and O were compared between genders and ages. The socio-environmental information was gatheredaccording to surveys and processed by Categorical Principal Components Analysis (catPCA). Generalized Linear Model (link logit) against the variables S and O was employed. Results. S was found in 15,8% of schoolchildren and O in 7,2%. None significative statisticsdifferences between both genders and ages, were found. The first axis of the catPCA discriminated the cases that presented better socio-environmental conditions with positive values and those with more unfavorable conditions with negatives values. Higher probability of obese children was associated with better socio-environmental conditions (higher educational level of parents, higherincome and better access to public services), and higher probability of overweight children was associated with less favored environments.Conclusions. The schoolchildren population of Brandsen presents high overweight and obesity prevalences. The chance of presenting overweight is higher in children from householdswith adverse socio-environmental conditions. On the contrary, obese children are to be more found in households which have more favorablesocio-environmental conditions.