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1.
Rev. colomb. cir ; 37(1): 60-71, 20211217. tab, fig
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1355299

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El cáncer gástrico es el quinto cáncer diagnosticado con mayor frecuencia y la tercera causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo. En el tratamiento quirúrgico, la evidencia actual apoya las medidas preoperatorias e índices pronósticos para mejorar la supervivencia. El índice nutricional pronóstico, que une los valores de los linfocitos circulantes en sangre periférica con los de la albúmina sérica, ha presentado características de ser un marcador nutricional e inmunológico con valor predictivo sobre complicaciones y mortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre el índice nutricional pronóstico con las complicaciones y mortalidad en pacientes con cáncer gástrico sometidos a gastrectomía. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal, con componente analítico, mediante la revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas. Resultados. Se analizaron 113 pacientes sometidos a gastrectomía total o subtotal. Se encontró asociación entre el índice nutricional pronóstico y la mortalidad; todos los pacientes que murieron tenían un índice menor o igual a 46. También se encontró asociación inversa entre el valor del índice y la presentación de complicaciones posoperatorias, como sepsis, peritonitis, fuga de la anastomosis y sangrado. Discusión. Similar a nuestro análisis, varios estudios plantean que un índice nutricional pronóstico bajo podría tener un valor predictivo sobre la frecuencia de complicaciones y supervivencia global en pacientes con cáncer gástrico llevados a cirugía. Conclusión. El índice nutricional pronóstico se asocia con la mortalidad y complicaciones posoperatorias en pacientes sometidos a gastrectomía por cáncer gástrico.


Introduction. Gastric cancer is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third cause of cancer death in the world. In surgical treatment, current evidence supports preoperative measures and prognostic index to improve survival. The prognostic nutritional index, which unites the values of circulating lymphocytes in peripheral blood with those of serum albumin, has presented characteristics of being a nutritional and immunological marker with predictive value on complications and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the prognostic nutritional index with complications and mortality in patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy.Methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study with an analytical component was carried out by a retrospective review of medical records. Results. A total of 113 patients who underwent total or subtotal gastrectomy were analyzed. An association was found between mortality and the prognostic nutritional index and mortality; all patients who died had an index ≤ 46. An inverse association was also found between the value of the index and the presentation of postoperative complications, such as sepsis, peritonitis, anastomotic leak, and bleeding.Discussion. Similar to our analysis, several studies suggest that a low prognostic nutritional index could have a predictive value on the frequency of complications and overall survival in patients with gastric cancer undergoing surgery.Conclusion. The prognostic nutritional index is associated with mortality and postoperative complications in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer.


Subject(s)
Humans , Stomach Neoplasms , Nutrition Assessment , Postoperative Complications , Prognosis , Mortality , Gastrectomy
2.
Revista Digital de Postgrado ; 9(2): 217, ago. 2020. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1103536

ABSTRACT

Los primeros mil días de vida son parte del Curso de Vida, al tomar en consideración la Epigenética, término postulado por Waddington en 1942: modifica la expresión genética SIN cambiar la secuencia de las bases de ADN. El proyecto internacional llamado DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) u ODSE (Orígenes del Desarrollo de la Salud y Enfermedad), está inserto dentro de la Transición Alimentaria y Nutricional (TAN), que, en países en desarrollo­ocurre en forma muy rápida ­produce tanto la malnutrición por déficit como por exceso; es decir la doble carga nutricional. La TAN es producto en nuestro país, de una urbanización acelerada y anárquica, y de cambios socioculturales, como la incorporación de la mujer al mercado de trabajo con menos tiempo para cocinar; está acompañada de una transición epidemiológica con la emergencia y prevalencia de la obesidad y de las enfermedades crónicas como morbiletalidad. Esta doble carga nutricional se modificó, por la situación país, y prevalece más el déficit que el exceso. Se presenta el PROYECTO FUNDACIÓN BENGOA ­ SVPP ­ SOGV ­ CANIA, cuya meta es: Elaborar una agenda preventiva común contra la malnutrición tanto por déficit como por exceso y sus comorbilidades, bajo el enfoque de los primeros mil días de vida y su efecto sobre todo el curso de vida. Se realizó el diseño y aplicación de tres cuestionarios digitales, que se utilizaran para la elaboración de esta meta. Se consolidó un CONSENSO NACIONAL formado por profesionales de la salud involucrados en los primeros mil días de vida(AU)


The first 1000 days of life is the new paradigm that determines health and nutrition during the life course, based on epidemiological models that incorporate the concept of Epigenetics, term introduced by Waddington, that refers to changes that affect the genetic expression without changing the DNA sequence, within the international program DOHaD/ODSE as well as the Food and Nutrition Transition(FNT). This FNT, product of an accelerated and anarchic urbanization that led to sedentary activities, plus the incorporation of women to the work media, with less time for cooking, with the substitution of the traditional diet for one much more practical and efficient in time and effort. It is accompanied by demographic and epidemiologic changes and transitions. The Double Burden of Nutrition in VENEZUELA has changed due to the effect of the recent crisis with a rise in malnutrition and a fall in obesity/overweight. The current project: Fundación Bengoa- Pediatric Society Venezuela (SVPP) ­ CANIA - Obstetric Society of Venezuela (SOGV) is called Developmental Origins of Health and Disease in Venezuela (DOHaD Venezuela): and by means of a national consensus of medical societies and institutions, its goal is "To elaborate a Preventive Agenda both for Malnutrition and for Overweight and Obesity and its comorbidities, considering the First 1000 Days of life and its effect over the life course"


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy in Adolescence , Population Characteristics , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Maternal Mortality , Epigenomics , Cardiovascular Diseases , Epidemiology , Malnutrition , Nutritional Transition
3.
Arch. med ; 19(2): 420-428, 2019/07/30.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1023451

ABSTRACT

Las anemias megaloblásticas agrupan una serie de desórdenes que se caracterizan por el cambio morfológico de los eritrocitos y su alteración en el desarrollo y maduración a nivel de la médula ósea. Las causas de anemia megaloblástica son numerosas, pero en la mayoría de los casos es debido a deficiencia de folatos y vitamina B12. Esta última, se ve involucrada en múltiples procesos fisiológicos y metabólicos incluyendo el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central, la síntesis de neurotransmisores y la integridad celular. El déficit o ausencia de dichos compuestos genera anemia megaloblástica, una condición que deforma las células sanguíneas y causa diversos síntomas tales como fatiga, debilidad, adelgazamiento y en la primera infancia puede generar deficiencias intelectuales y trastornos motores persistentes. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica con el objetivo hacer una revisión de la deficiencia de la vitamina B12 y folatos en relación con sus complicaciones a nivel neurológico..(AU)


Megaloblastic anemias group a series of disorders that are characterized by the morphological change of the erythrocytes and their alteration in the development and maturation at the level of the bone marrow. The causes of megaloblastic anemia are numerous, but in most cases it is due to a deficiency of folates and vitamin B12. This last has been involved in multiple physiological and metabolic processes including the development of the central nervous system, the synthesis of neurotransmitters and cellular integrity. The deficit or absence of these compounds generates megaloblastic anemia, a condition that deforms blood cells and causes various symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, weight loss and in early childhood can generate intellectual deficiencies and persistent motor disorders. A bibliographic search was carried out in order to review the deficiency of vitamin B12 and folate in relation to its complications at the neurological level..(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Anemia, Megaloblastic , Neurologic Manifestations
4.
Braz. dent. sci ; 22(2): 171-177, 2019. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-996337

ABSTRACT

Objective: The prevalence of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) has increased in the recent years, especially in the elderly population. The successful prevention and treatment of those lesions requires an understanding of the biomechanics of aged teeth. Considering the importance of such aspect, the impact of the age-related dentin deposition on the stress distribution of NCCLs was evaluated by means of finite element analysis. Material and Methods: A 2-dimensional model of a sound maxillary first premolar was created using CAD software. Two tooth geometries (sound, aged) and two lesion shapes (wedge, saucer) were simulated to the model. The mesh was built with 35,000 triangle and square elements of 0.1 mm in length. All tissues were considered isotropic, homogeneous and linear. Occlusal surfaces were loaded with 300 N for simulating normal chewing forces. The stress distribution was analyzed by a color scale and by the maximum principal stress at the cavosurface line angle. Results: The aged models presented lower stress concentration in the overall system in comparison to sound models. The sharp angle of wedge shaped lesions promoted higher stress concentration at the center of cavosurface angle, favoring the lesions progression. Conclusion: Considering the limitations of the current methodology, it is possible to conclude that aged tooth is a more compact structure that can better respond to stress loadings. This protective intrinsic mechanism should be considered when adopting preventive and restorative measures for NCCLs for the elderly. (AU)


Objetivo: A prevalência de lesões cervicais nãocariosas (NCCLs) tem aumentado nos últimos anos, especialmente em idosos. A prevenção e o tratamento bem-sucedidos dessas lesões requerem um entendimento da biomecânica dos dentes envelhecidos. Considerando a importância de tal aspecto, o impacto da deposição de dentina que ocorre com a idade na distribuição de estresse de NCCLs foi avaliado por meio da análise de elementos finitos. Material e Métodos: Um modelo bidimensional de um primeiro pré-molar superior foi criado usando o software CAD. Duas geometrias de dentes (padrão, envelhecido) e duas formas de lesão (cunha, pires) foram simuladas ao modelo. A malha foi construída com 35.000 elementos triangulares e quadrados de 0,1 mm de comprimento. Todos os tecidos foram considerados isotrópicos, homogêneos e lineares. Superfícies oclusais foram carregadas com 300 N para simular forças normais de mastigação. A distribuição das tensões foi analisada por uma escala de cores e pela tensão principal no ângulo da linha cavo-superficial. Resultados: Os modelos envelhecidos apresentaram menor concentração de tensão no sistema geral em comparação aos modelos padrão. O ângulo agudo das lesões em cunha promoveu maior concentração de tensão no centro do ângulo cavo-superficial, favorecendo a progressão das lesões. Conclusão: Considerando as limitações da metodologia atual, é possível concluir que o dente envelhecido é uma estrutura mais compacta que pode responder melhor às cargas de estresse. Este mecanismo intrínseco de proteção deve ser considerado ao adotar medidas preventivas e restaurativas para as NCCLs em idosos. (AU)


Subject(s)
Aging , Neck Injuries , Finite Element Analysis
5.
São José dos Campos; s.n; 2018. 73 p. il., tab., graf..
Thesis in Portuguese | BBO, LILACS | ID: biblio-1016217

ABSTRACT

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da utilização ou não do bond do sistema adesivo Adper Scotchbond Multiuso(A) e o bond Gluma da Heraeus(G) na resistência de união entre as resinas do tipo flow Filtek Bulk Fill Flow(F) e X-tra base (X) como base e uma convencional nanoparticulada Z350 XT(Z)) como cobertura. Simulando assim seu uso em reparos de restaurações diretas em dentes posteriores. Foram confeccionados 120 espécimes em resina composta do tipo flow no formato tronco-cônico com as dimensões de 2mm base menor, 4mm de altura e 4 mm de base maior. 60 Filtek Bulk Fill(F) e 60 Xtra base (X). Metade de cada grupo (n=30) foi envelhecida por termociclagem 5.000 ciclos de 5°C a 55°C, (FE, XE), a outra metade não sofreu envelhecimento (FN e XN). Esses espécimes foram divididos em 3 subgrupos (n=10), sobre a base menor dessas 10 amostras foi aplicado o Bond de cada sistema adesivo após condicionadas pelos seus respectivos ácidos nos tempos preconizados pelos fabricantes. As outras 10 unidades de cada grupo não receberam qualquer sistema adesivo. Na simulação do reparo as duas primeiras metades em teflon foram invertidas ficando a área menor voltada pra cima. Sobre essa face foram colocadas outras duas metades em teflon com a área menor voltada para baixo. Foi inserida então a resina Z350 pela técnica incremental e fotopolimerizada por 20s a 800mw/cm². Após 24h de armazenamento em água destilada, em estufa bacteriológica os espécimes, agora com formato de ampulheta, foram tracionados na máquina de ensaios universais (EMIC). Todos os espécimes fraturados tiveram o tipo de falha analisados ao estereomicroscópio e também ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Os dados coletados no ensaio de tração foram analisados através de ANOVA 3- fatores e teste de Tukey (p<5%). Houve diferença significativa (p<5%) para a variável aplicação de sistema adesivo para a resina Filtek Bulk Fill flow que apresentou médias maiores (24,99 ± 4,3 MPa) quando comparadas ao grupo no qual não foi aplicado adesivo (18,20 ± 5,31 MPa). O mesmo não ocorreu com a resina X-tra base, na qual o fator adesivo não interferiu significantemente. Quando comparado o desempenho das resinas Filtek Bulk Fill flow e X-tra base (26,99 ± 6,11 MPa) sem aplicação de sistema adesivo, também se verificou diferença significativa, o que não ocorreu para a resina X-tra base quando comparados ambos os subgrupos. As falhas foram 100% adesivas para todos os grupos(AU)


The aim of our paper was to analyse the bonding influence of Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive (A) and Heraeus Gluma universal bond (G), or no bond application, on bond strength between microhibrid Filtek Bulk Fill Flow (F) and nanohibrid X-tra base (X) as based composite resin and the conventional nanoparticulate Z350 XT (Z)) as cover. Simulating non-invasive repairs of direct restorations on posterior teeth. A total of 120 specimens were made from flow composite resin in the conical trunk format with the dimensions of 2x4x4, for 40s with Led-5 (N/S LD51803005) at 800mw/cm². Sixty Filtek bulk fill (F) and sixty X-tra base (X) were made. Half of each group (n=30) was aged by thermocycling 5,000 cycles from 5° C to 55° C, (FE, XE), the other half were not subjected to any aging procedure (FN, XN). These specimens were randomly divided into 3 subgroups (n = 10), on the smaller diameter of the 10 samples the Bond of each adhesive system were applied after conditioned by their respectively acids at the time recommended by the manufacturers. The other 10 units of each group did not receive any adhesive system. In the sequency of repair simulation the first two Teflon halves were turned up with the smaller diameter turned upwards. Above this face were placed two other halves in Teflon with the smaller diameter facing down. The Z350 repair composite resin were inserted by incremental technique and photopolymerized for 20s at 800mw/cm². After 24h of storage in distilled water in a bacteriological oven, the now hourglass-shaped specimens were drawn in the universal testing machine EMIC. All the fractured specimens had the type of failure analyzed in stereomicroscope. The most significant faulting specimens were evaluated with electronic microscope (MEV). The data collected at the traction test were analyzed through 3-factor ANOVA and Tukey's test (p <5%). There was a significant difference (p <5%) for the variable adhesive system application for Filtek Bulk Fill flow resin that presented averages (24.99 ± 4.3 MPa) when compared to the group in which no adhesive was applied (18.20 ± 5.31 MPa). The same did not occur with X-tra base resin, in which the adhesive factor did not interfere significantly. When comparing the performance of Filtek Bulk Fill Flow resins and X-tra base (26.99 ± 6.11 MPa) without application of adhesive system, a significant difference was also observed, which did not occur for X-tra base resin when compared both subgroups. Most of the failures were adhesive for all groups. Scanning electron microscopy images do not reveal any traces of discontinuity between the layers of the materials used (resin x resin or resin x adhesive)(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Dental Cements/analysis , Tensile Strength , Composite Resins/administration & dosage
6.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 79(2): 77-84, jun. 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-827841

ABSTRACT

El Virus Sincicial Respiratorio (VSR) es uno de los agentes causales más frecuentes de Infecciones respiratorias en niños menores de 2 años. La forma clínica más frecuente es la bronquiolitis. Dentro de esta población vulnerable son más susceptibles los lactantes que nacieron antes de las 32 semanas de gestación y aquellos portadores de displasia broncopulmonar en tratamiento o cardiopatía congénita cianógena, con insuficiencia cardiaca o hipertensión pulmonar; considerándose también susceptibles los lactantes con anomalías pulmonares, enfermedades neuromusculares, fibrosis quística o inmunosupresión severa. El VSR produce cambios inflamatorios crónicos que implican secuelas a corto, mediano y largo plazo. La prevención ha demostrado ser la mejor medida para reducir las complicaciones y costos de la enfermedad y, en este sentido, la profilaxis con Palivizumab es efectiva en los lactantes de riesgo para infección severa por VSR. El siguiente artículo tiene como finalidad establecer los criterios para la profilaxis con Palivizumab.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections in children under 2 years of age. The most common clinical form is bronchiolitis. Within this vulnerable population, infants born before 32 weeks gestation and those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia or with cyanotic congenital heart disease, heart failure or pulmonary hypertension are more susceptible; infants with lung anomalies, neuromuscular diseases, cystic fibrosis or severe immunosuppression are also at risk. RSV causes chronic inflammatory changes that lead to short, medium and long term sequelae. Prevention has proven to be the best measure to reduce complications and costs and palivizumab prophylaxis has been effective in infants at risk. The following article aims to review the risk factors involved in infection by respiratory syncytial virus and establish the criteria for prophylaxis with palivizumab.

7.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 74(1): 34-40, mar. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-659168

ABSTRACT

La decisión de hospitalizar o no un niño con Infección Urinaria (IU) no debe sustentarse de forma exclusiva en el diagnóstico de pielonefritis aguda, ya que estudios recientes han mostrado que en los pacientes con buen estado general y, sin antecedentes de uropatía importante, el tratamiento ambulatorio con antibióticos por vía oral es eficaz y seguro. Por ello, la decisión de ingreso se debe basar fundamentalmente en la valoración de la situación clínica del paciente y el riesgo estimado de complicaciones generales. En esta revisión se evalúa la eficacia y seguridad de los antibióticos que se utilizan para tratar pielonefritis aguda en niños que requieren ser hospitalizados, se especifican los agentes antibióticos óptimos, así como la vía de administración y la duración del tratamiento adecuadas para este grupo de pacientes. Asimismo, se revisan los aspectos particulares de la IU en el neonato, debido a las características especiales del sistema inmune en este grupo de edad.


The decision to hospitalize a child with urinary tract infection should not rely exclusively on the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis, for recent studies have demonstrated that ambulatory treatment with oral antibiotics is safe and efficient in patients with good general status and no history of urological abnormalities. For this reason, the decision to admit the patient should be based on the assessment of clinical conditions and the estimated risk of general complications. This review evaluates the efficiency and safety of antibiotics employed in children with acute pyelonephritis who require hospitalization, specifies the appropriate antibiotics, as well as the route and length of the treatment. Particular aspects of urinary tract infection in the newborn due to the special characteristics of the immune system at this age are also reviewed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis , Infant, Newborn/urine , Child, Hospitalized
8.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 73(4): 25-28, dic. 2010. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-659154

ABSTRACT

La meningitis se define como la inflamación de las membranas que rodean al cerebro y a la médula espinal, que involucra la aracnoides, piamadre y el líquido cefalorraquídeo. Puede ocurrir a cualquier edad y es una emergencia, ya que si no se diagnostica precozmente y se indica tratamiento, puede ocasionar una mortalidad que varía del 2% al 30%, de acuerdo a la edad, o dejar secuelas permanentes tales como hidrocefalia, infarto cerebral, parálisis de pares craneales, alteraciones neuroendocrinas, colecciones intracraneales, hipertensión endocraneana, sordera neurosensorial, retraso psicomotor y parálisis cerebral. Se clasifica, de acuerdo a su tiempo de evolución en: aguda, crónica, recurrente; de acuerdo a su etiología en: infecciosas y no infecciosas. Las infecciosas pueden ser: virales, bacterianas, por hongos y por parásitos. Las no infecciosas pueden ser: tumorales, por enfermedades sistémicas y tóxicas. Los agentes infecciosos que invaden al Sistema Nervioso Central y causan meningitis, lo hacen a través de tres mecanismos: primero colonizan e infectan al huésped a través de la piel, nasofaringe, tracto respiratorio (la mayoría), genitourinario o gastrointestinal. Invaden la submucosa, vencen las barreras del huésped (física e inmunidad) y penetran al Sistema Nervioso Central por 3 vías: torrente sanguíneo, acceso retrógrado neuronal e inoculación directa, produciendo inflamación de las meninges


Meningitis is defined as the inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and the spinal marrow, which involves the aracnoides, the pia mater and the spinal fluid. It can occur at any age, and it constitutes an emergency, since it may cause a mortality rate between 2 and 30 % or lead to permanent sequela as: brain edema, cerebral infarction, cranial nerve paralysis, neuroendocrine disorders, intracranial collections or hypertension, neurosensorial deafness, psychomotor delay, and cerebral palsy. According to the length of its evolution it is classified in acute, chronic and recurrent; according to its etiology, in infectious and non infectious. Infectious etiologies are viral, bacterial, fungic and parasitic. Non infectious etiologies are tumoral, toxic and systemic diseases. Infectious agents that invade the Central Nervous System (CNS) may cause meningitis by three mechanisms: first they colonize and infect the guest via skin, respiratory, genitourinary or gastrointestinal systems. They invade the submucosa, overcome the guest’s physical and immune barriers, and penetrate the CNS through 3 routes: blood, neuronal retrograde access and direct inoculation


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Encephalitis/pathology , Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/pathology , Meningitis/complications , Meningitis/diagnosis , Central Nervous System/pathology , Pediatrics , Statistics on Sequelae and Disability
9.
Psicopedagogia ; 27(83): 250-261, 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-595155

ABSTRACT

O trabalho que pretendemos compartilhar foi fruto de uma experiência construída em grupo e constitui um grande exercício de autoria. Configura-se no atendimento psicopedagógico de grupos decrianças/adolescentes de Ensino Fundamental, de uma escola municipal, na cidade de Vitória, ES, realizado por cinco duplas de psicopedagogas, da ABPp-ES. O Projeto promoveu o crescimento de todas as pessoasenvolvidas, tanto das psicopedagogas que participaram do planejamento e implementação, como das crianças/adolescentes que participaram dos atendimentos. O trabalho, operacionalizado no fazer psicopedagógico e no trabalho cooperativo, se estruturou na confiança no potencial dos parceiros de equipe. Os valores intrínsecos e ideais nele contidos foram experimentados e vividos em grupo. Os bons resultados obtidos foram uma consequência do envolvimento ativo e respeitoso das pessoas que atuaram na sua construção/execução.


Subject(s)
Humans , Learning , Learning Disabilities , Psychotherapy, Group
10.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 72(4): 154-162, oct.-dic. 2009. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-588873

ABSTRACT

La Rehidratación oral es el método de elección para la deshidratación leve y moderada por diarrea. Sin embargo, en casos de shock hipovolémico, deshidratación grave, hiponatremia o hipernatremia severas, vómitos persistentes, íleo paralítico, en pacientes deshidratados con alteración de conciencia ó convulsiones y cuando ocurre deterioro o ausencia de mejoría clínica tras 8 horas de rehidratación oral, se debe indicar la hidratación endovenosa. Las indicaciones de la hidratación intravenosa varían dependiendo de la gravedad, del tipo (isonatrémica, hiponatrémica o hipernatrémica) y de los déficits de iones y ácido-básico asociados. Se realiza en 2 fases: la primera de emergencia para reponer la volemia si existe shock hipovolémico; y la segunda para reponer el déficit y suministrar las necesidades de mantenimiento de líquidos y electrolitos y las pérdidas concurrentes. Se calculan las necesidades basales de mantenimiento de líquidos y electrolitos por el método de Holliday-Segar y en caso de pacientes con peso mayor a 30 kg, se calculan de acuerdo a la superficie corporal del paciente. Los cálculos del déficit hídrico y de electrolitos se realizan siguiendo los esquemas y fórmulas específicas. Adicionalmente se tratan las complicaciones más frecuentes (acidosis metabólica e hipokalemia) en caso de existir indicaciones definidas. La hidratación del Recién Nacido deshidratado por diarrea es igual que en los lactantes, pero debe considerarse para el tratamiento, su particular balance hidroelectrolítico para evitar complicaciones. Para cada tipo de deshidratación (isonatrémica, hiponatrémica e hipernatrémica) se exponen ejemplos de cálculos para su tratamiento con hidratación endovenosa.


Oral rehydration is the method of choice for mild to moderate dehydration secondary to diarrhea. Intravenous hydration is indicated in hypovolemic shock, severe dehydration, severe hyponatremia or hypernatremia, persistent vomiting, paralytic ileus, in dehydrated patients with impaired consciousness or seizures, and when there is clinical deterioration or no improvement after 8 hours of oral rehydration. Intravenous hydration varies depending on the severity, type of dehydration (isonatrémic, hyponatremic or hypernatremic) and associated ion and acid-base deficits. It is performed in 2 phases: the first is the emergency phase to restore blood volume in cases of hypovolemic shock and the second phase to replenish deficits and to supply maintenance requirements and concurrent loss of fluid and electrolytes. Basal needs are calculated by the method of Holliday and Segar, and for patients weighing more than 30 kg. The patient's body surface is employed as the base for calculations. Fluid and electrolyte deficits are estimated according to specific schemes and formulas. Common complications of dehydration (metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia) should also be addressed with specific indications. Intravenous rehydration in the newborn with dehydration secondary to diarrhea is the same as in infants, but the particular electrolyte balance at this age should be considered in order to avoid complications. Examples of calculations for intravenous hydration for each type of dehydration (isonatrémic, hyponatremic and hypernatremic) are given.


Subject(s)
Diarrhea/therapy , Fluid Therapy/methods , Hyponatremia/physiopathology , Parenteral Nutrition/classification , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , Shock/physiopathology , Child Care , Dehydration/therapy , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods
11.
Rev. CEFAC ; 11(2): 221-227, abr.-jun. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-519696

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: avaliar a relação entre sinais indicativos de disgrafia e desempenho acadêmico. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas no estudo 25 crianças, matriculadas na 3ª. série do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública da Região Metropolitana de Campinas/SP, sem histórico de lesão cerebral e/ou déficit intelectual. Quanto à idade, 21 tinham nove anos e quatro tinham dez anos; 12 eram do sexo masculino. A avaliação foi realizada por meio da Escala de Disgrafia (Lorenzini, 1993) e do Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE) (Stein, 2003). RESULTADOS: seis crianças apresentaram sinais indicativos de disgrafia. A maioria dos alunos teve desempenho acadêmico classificado como inferior em escrita (15/25) e em aritmética (10/25). As crianças com indícios de disgrafia (6/25) tiveram pior desempenho em escrita e aritmética no TDE, quando comparado às demais crianças, porém essa diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÃO: conclui-se que, neste grupo, não foi possível estabelecer a relação entre baixo desempenho acadêmico com escrita disgráfica, uma vez que tal dificuldade também foi identificada também entre as crianças consideradas não disgráficas.


PURPOSE: to evaluate the relationship between indicative signals of written difficulties and cadmic performance. METHODS: twenty five children, students from the 3rd grade in the elementary education school of a public school in the metropolitan area of Campinas/SP took part in this study (12 boys), with age varying between 9 and 10. The tools used for evaluation were the scale of written difficulties (Lorenzini, 1993) and the test of school performance (Stein, 2003). RESULTS: considering the group performance, it was verified that a great number of students had written academic (15/25) and arithmetic (10/25) difficulties. The children with indicative signals of written difficulties (6/25) had inferior performance in writing and arithmetic, when compared to the ones who did not have difficulties. However, this difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: we can conclude that in this group, it wasn't possible to correlate academic difficulty to writing difficulty, since it was that such academic difficulty was also identified among the children who did not have written difficulties.


Subject(s)
Agraphia , Employee Performance Appraisal , Child Language , Handwriting , Language , Learning Disabilities , Psychomotor Performance
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