ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum cassia, Eucalyptus citriodora; Eucalyptus globulus, Eugenia caryophyllus, Melaleuca alternifólia, Myristica fragans, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Rosamarinus officinalis, Salvia sclarea, Schinus terebinthifolius, Thymus vulgaris e Zingiber officinale, bem como dos compostos químicos desses óleos essenciais, com as menores concentrações fungicidas mínimas sobre três isolados biológicos de Candida auris de origem humana. Determinar e avaliar in vitro as concentrações fungicidas mínimas dos antifúngicos sintéticos anfotericina B, cetoconazol, flucitocina, fluconazol, itraconazol e voriconazol sobre Candida auris. Para avaliação da atividade antifúngica e obtenção da concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) utilizou-se a técnica de microdiluição em caldo, na base 2, em meio RPMI 1640, acrescido de tensoativo Tween20, e a confirmação da inibição em Agar Sabouraud dextrose, a 37ºC por 24hs. Para a avaliação da sensibilidade a anfotericina B, cetoconazol, flucitocina...(AU)
The objective of this search was to evaluate the in vitro activity of the essential oils Cinnamomum cassia, Eucalyptus citriodora; Eucalyptus globulus, Eugenia caryophyllus, Melaleuca alternifolia, Myristica fragans, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Rosamarinus officinalis, Salvia sclarea, Schinus terebinthifolius, Thymus vulgaris and Zingiber officinale as well as the chemical compounds of these essencial oils with the lowest minimum fungicidal concentrations on three biological isolates of Candida auris of human origin. Determine and evaluate in vitro the minimum fungicidal concentrations of the synthetic antifungals amphotericin B, ketoconazole, flucitocin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole on Candida auris. To evaluate the antifungal activity and obtain the minimum fungicidal concentration (CFM), the broth microdilution technique was used in RPMI 1640 medium, plus Tween20 surfactant, and confirmation of inhibition in Sabouraud dextrose Agar, at 37ºC for 24 hours. For the evaluation of sensitivity to amphotericin B, ketoconazole, flucitocin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole, the commercial test E-test® was used. The three isolates were resistant to the oils Myristica fragans, Shinus terebinthifolius and Zenziber officinale. The other essential oils showed inhibitory activity on Candida auris. The three isolates were more sensitive to Cinnamomum cassia essential oil, with CFM of 0.00001 µg/mL for isolate 1 and CFM of 0.10 µg/mL for isolate 2 and CFM of 0.05 µg/mL for isolate 3. Thymus vulgaris also showed lower fungicidal concentration for isolates 1 and 2, with CFM results of 684.76 µg/mL for isolate 1 and CFM of 171.19 µg/mL for isolate 2. The three biological isolates evaluated were more sensitive to cinnamic aldehyde, isoeugenol and timol, with the following results being found for isolates 1, 2 and 3 respectively: Cinnamic aldehyde - CFM 0.026µg/mL, 0.83 µg/mL and 3, 33 µg/ml; Isoeugenol CFM of 1.60 µg/ml, 1.60 µg/ml and 12.82 µg/ml; timol CFM of 2.93 µg/ml, 1.46 µg/ml and 11.74 µg/ml. The three isolates were resistant to chemical compounds: α-Humulene, ßCaryophyllene, γ-Terpinene and P-Cimene. For synthetic antifungal agents, 7 the three isolates were resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole. The MIC of amphotericin B was 0.50 µg / ml for isolates 1 and 3 and 0.75 µg / ml for isolate 2; for ketoconazole, MIC was 3 µg / ml for isolates 1 and 2 and 4 µg / ml for isolate 3; the MIC of flucitocin was 2 µg / ml for isolate 1, 1 µg / ml for isolate 2 and 1.5 µg / ml for isolate 3; for itraconazole the MIC was 4 µg / ml for the three isolates. According to the conditions of this research, the essential oils of Cinnamomum cassia, Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare and the chemical compounds cinnamic aldehyde, isoeugenol and thymol showed antifungal activity with the lowest concentrations of fungicides in biological isolates of Candida auris. (AU)
Subject(s)
Biological Products , Candida , Oils, Volatile , Cinnamomum , AldehydesABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, a partir da revisão integrativa da literatura nacional, o conhecimento cientifico sobre a aferição de custos em unidades básicas de saúde. Para a coleta de dados realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, com busca online, nas bases de dados Portal de Evidências da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), LILACS, Banco de teses USP, Google. A amostra desta pesquisa foi constituída por 10 trabalhos. Os locais estudados foram compostos por municípios de todo o território nacional, com população de 5 mil a mais de 1 milhão de habitantes. Os resultados mostraram que o método mais utilizado (80%) foi a aferição de custos por absorção. Os resultados dos estudos não puderam ser comparados devido à aplicação de conceitos e métodos de aferição de custos com interpretações diversas pelos autores. No entanto, citamos alguns dados aferidos nesses trabalhos. O custo mensal per capita variou de R$ 3,27 a R$ 10,99. As equipes de saúde da família ampliadas com odontólogo podem ter custos até 77,7% maiores que as equipes básicas. Os municípios podem arcar com até 90% dos gastos totais em saúde. Dos custos totais, os gastos com recursos humanos representam em média 75%. Dos trabalhos que aferiram o custo por procedimento os valores variaram de R$ 8,35 a R$ 34,20. Este trabalho mostrou a importância da aplicação de um sistema de custeio na atenção básica, para identificar os principais custos e otimizá-los, buscando melhorar a eficiência e eficácia dos serviçosde saúde. Recomenda-se para trabalhos futuros a utilização correta dos princípios dos sistemas de custeio pelos autores, buscando aprimorar a utilização de 9 ferramentas para o gerenciamento de custos na atenção primária à saúde e possibilitando comparações.
This study aimed to analyze, through an integrative review of the Brazilian literature, scientific knowledge about the measurement of costs in primary health care services. An online literature search was carried out for data collection, in the databases Evidence Portal of the Virtual Health Library (VHL), LILACS, University of São Paulo bank of theses and Google. The sample consisted of 10 studies. The study sites were various cities across Brazil, with populations ranging from 5 thousand to over 1 million inhabitants. Results showed that the most used method (80%) was absorption costing. The results of the studies could not be compared due to the use of concepts and methods for measuring costs with different interpretations by the authors. However, the study presents some data obtained in these studies. The monthly cost per capita ranged from R$ 3.27 to R$10.99. Family health teams with dentists may cost up to 77.7% more than the basic teams. Cities can afford up to 90% of total spending on health care. Expenses on human resources account for an average of 75% of the total costs. Of the studies which measured the cost per procedure, values ranged from R$ 8.35 to R$ 34.20. This study showed the importance of applying a costing system in primary health care, in order to identify the main costs and optimize them, seeking to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health care services. The correct use of the principles of costing systems by the authors is recommended forfuture studies, as to enhance the use of tools for cost management in primary health care and to enable comparisons.