ABSTRACT
Se define bullying como una dinámica de maltrato sistemática que ocurre entre iguales de manera persistente. Es considerado un problema de salud pública debido a su prevalencia y las consecuencias que tiene en todos sus participantes: en los agresores, en las víctimas, en los espectadores, en los padres y familias, en la comunidad escolar y en la sociedad en general. Las investigaciones muestran efectos a corto, mediano y largo plazo en el desarrollo emocional y social de niños y adolescentes. Se ha constatado una relación del acoso escolar con las patologías físicas, psicosomática y de salud mental en niños, adolescentes y en la vida adulta. En este artículo se describen las características individuales, las relacionales, los factores conocidos como de riesgo y factores protectores, la prevalencia y los programas de abordaje integral del fenómeno. Son múltiples los estudios que muestran la efectividad de la aplicación de estos programas de intervención, diseñados en función de los conocimientos acumulados.
We define School Bullying as a systematic and persistent dynamic of peer abuse. It is considered a public health problem because of its prevalence and consequences in all participants: bullies, victims, bystanders, parents and families, the school community and society in general. Research shows short-, medium-and long-term negative effects in social and emotional development of children and adolescents. There has been a relationship of bullying with physical, psychosomatic and mental health in children, adolescents and adulthood diseases. In this paper we describe the individual characteristics, relational, factors known as risk and protective factors, prevalence and comprehensive programs addressing the phenomenon. There are multiple studies showing the effectiveness of the implementation of these intervention programs, designed on the basis of accumulated knowledge.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Risk Factors , Bullying/psychology , Chile , Bullying/statistics & numerical data , Protective FactorsABSTRACT
Background: There is a 7 percent up to 32 percent prevalence of psychiatric problems in the pediatric population. Aim: To study the epidemiological features of children and adolescents attended in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Material and methods: All admissions to a psychiatric outpatient clinic, of people aged 18 years old or less, during 1998, were reviewed. The causes of consultation and the diagnoses were classified according to diagnostic manuals (ICPC-WONCA and DSM-IV respectively), by three experienced psychiatrists. Results: The files of 376 patients were reviewed (200 males, mean age of females 12 years old, mean age of males 10.5 years old). Seventy three percent consulted spontaneously. The main causes of consultation were anxiety disorders and adolescence problems (28 percent). The main diagnoses were attention deficit disorder and disruptive behavior, adaptative problems, mood and anxiety disorders. There were gender differences in the diagnoses. Women attended a mean of 6.3 sessions and men attended a mean of 4 sessions. Fifty nine percent abandoned treatment. Conclusions: There is a limited access to mental health care. The low compliance with treatments must be studied and improved
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Anxiety Disorders , Seasonal Affective Disorder , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/epidemiology , Adjustment Disorders/epidemiology , Anxiety Disorders , Outpatients , Psychotherapy , Prevalence , Seasonal Affective Disorder , Health Facilities, Proprietary , Adaptation, Psychological , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Age Distribution , Sex Distribution , Adjustment Disorders/diagnosisABSTRACT
Participar en el proceso de formarse como psiquiatra competente se reconoce como complejo y con un alto costo personal. El candidato que toma el programa, vive experiencias emocionales y afectivas que pueden interferir con sus rendimientos y confundirlo hasta hacerlo dudar de sí, de su vocación y de la idoneidad de quienes lo forman. Estas vivencias las discutieron y analizaron 10 residentes en un taller ad hoc. En este informe los autores sistematizan sus experiencias y describen fases del proceso que, discriminados e integrados por los profesores que formulan programas, podrían mejorarlos, hacerlos menos costosos y obtener mejores productos