Deaths related to differentiated thyroid cancer: a rare but real event

ABSTRACT Objective The present study describes the clinical and tumor characteristics of patients that died from differentiated thyroid cancer and reports on the cause and circumstances of death in these cases. Subjects and methods Retrospective analysis of all the differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) related deaths at a single institution over a 5-year period, with a total of 33 patients. Results Most of the patients were female (63.6%), with a mean age at diagnosis of 58.2 years. The most common histologic type was papillary (66.7%) and 30.3% were follicular. The distribution according to the TNM classification was: 15.4% of T1; 7.7% T2; 38.4% T3; 19.2% of T4a and 19.2% of T4b. Forty-four percent of cases were N0; 20% N1a and 36.6% of N1b. Twelve patients were considered non-responsive to radioiodine. Only one of the patients did not have distant metastases. The most common metastatic site was the lung in 69.7%. The majority of deaths were due to pulmonary complications related to lung metastases (17 patients, 51.5%), followed by post-operative complications in 5 cases, neurological disease progression in 3 cases, local invasion and airway obstruction in one patient. Median survival between diagnosis and death was reached in 49 months while between disease progression and death it was at 22 months. Conclusion Mortality from DTC is extremely rare but persists, and the main causes of death derive from distant metastasis, especially respiratory failure due to lung metastasis. Once disease progression is established, median survival was only 22 months.

Surgical treatment for thyroid carcinoma: retrospective study with 811 patients in a Brazilian tertiary hospital

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiologic data, histological type, treatment and follow-up of the 811 patients treated for thyroid cancer in Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP) over 5 years. Materials and methods Retrospective analyses of electronic chart information. Results There were 679 cases (83.7%) of papillary thyroid cancer, 61 (7.5%) of follicular carcinoma, 54 (6.7%) of medullary carcinoma, 11 (1.4%) of poorly differentiated carcinoma and 6 of anaplastic carcinoma (0.7%). The majority of patients were female (82.2%), and the mean age was 50.5 ± 15 years. Two hundred forty-two patients had disease persistence or recurrence. At the last follow-up, 629 (77.6%) patients were alive and disease free, 141 (17.4%) were alive with disease, and 41 (5.1%) were deceased, with 37 deaths related to thyroid cancer. Conclusion This study was able to outline the profile, disease type and evolution of patients treated for thyroid cancer at a single tertiary hospital.

Metástase de carcinoma folicular da tireoide em portador de doença de Paget óssea: relato de caso / Metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma in bearer Paget´s disease of bone: case report

Introdução: o carcinoma folicular da tireoide pode evoluir com metástases a distância em até 30% dos casos. A doença de Paget óssea - ou osteíte deformante, por sua vez, caracteriza-se por alterações na estrutura óssea com possibilidade, inclusive, de desenvolvimento neoplásico associado. Objetivo: relatar a associação de metástase óssea de carcinoma folicular da tireoide em portador de doença de Paget óssea com alterações prévias no sítio metastático. Relato de caso: homem de 87 anos, portador de doença de Paget óssea, evoluiu com intensificação da dor em pelve com aumento de volume local. Exames de imagem demonstraram tumor com biópsia sugestiva de carcinoma tireóideo metastático. Diagnosticado, então, nódulo em glândula tireoide, com 1,7 cm, e com confirmação de carcinoma folicular após tireoidectomia total (estágio pT1pN0). O paciente foi submetido a radioiodoterapia e radioterapia externa com persistência neoplásica. Encontrase vivo, passados 41 meses da tireoidectomia. Conclusão: o carcinoma folicular da tireoide, mesmo como neoplasia bem diferenciada, não deve ser subestimado especialmente em indivíduos com idade avançada. A concomitância de doença de Paget óssea com lesões metastáticas é rara, mas não deve ser descartada e seu diagnóstico dependerá de biópsias incisionais.

Introduction: Follicular thyroid carcinoma may evolve with distant metastases in 30% of cases. Paget’s disease of bone (osteitis deformans), in turn, is characterized by changes in bone structure with the possibility of tumor development association. Objective: To report the association of bone metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma in a patient with Paget’s disease with previous changes in bone metastatic site. Case report: An 87 years old man, with Paget’s disease of bone, developed increased pain in the pelvis with local volume increase. Imaging studies demonstrated a tumor with biopsy suggestive of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. It was diagnosed, then, a nodule in the thyroid gland, with 1.7 cm, and with confirmation of follicular carcinoma after total thyroidectomy (stage pT1pN0). The patient underwent radioiodine and external radiotherapy with persistence neoplastic. He is alive 41 months after thyroidectomy. Conclusion: follicular thyroid carcinoma, even as well-differentiated tumor, should not be underestimated especially in individuals with advanced age. Concomitant Paget’s disease of bone with metastatic lesions is rare, but should not be discarded and its diagnosis depends on biopsy specimen.

Prognostic influence of clinical and pathological factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 53 cases

OBJECTIVES AND INTRODUCTION: Medullary thyroid carcinoma, a neoplasia of intermediate prognosis and differentiation, does not always respond predictably to known treatments. This study aimed to correlate the clinical progression of surgically treated patients with clinical and pathological data. METHODS: A total of 53 patients were followed for 75 months (mean average) in tertiary-care hospital. The clinical status of patients at the end of the study period was characterized to determine correlations with a range of disease aspects. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (41.5 percent) were alive and disease-free at the end of the follow-up period; twenty-three patients (43.4 percent) had persistent disease; and eight patients (15.1 percent) had recurrent disease. Four patients (7.6 percent) died from medullary thyroid carcinoma with clinical and/or imaging evidence of neoplasia. The following aspects demonstrated statistically significant correlations with the final medical condition: positive initial cervical examination (p = 0.002); neoplastic extensions to the thyroid capsule (p = 0.004) and adjacent tissues (p = 0.034); cervical lymph node metastases (p < 0.001); diameter of neoplasia (p = 0.018); TNM (tumor, node and metastasis) Stage (p = 0.001) and evidence of distant and/or cervical diseases in the absence of a cure (p = 0.011). Through logistic regression, the presence of cervical lymph node metastases was considered an independent variable (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and pathological aspects of patients with surgically treated medullary thyroid carcinomas are predictors of disease progression. Specifically, even treated cervical lymph node metastases are significantly correlated with disease progression.

Carcinoma folicular de tireóide: estudo retrospectivo / Follicular thyroid carcinoma: retrospective study

OBJETIVOS: Abordar o diagnóstico, tratamento e evolução do carcinoma folicular da tireóide. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos dados de 38 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia por carcinoma folicular puro, num período de 10 anos no HC-FMUSP. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de três anos e três meses. Nove pacientes eram do sexo masculino (23,7 por cento) e 29 do sexo feminino (76,3 por cento), com idades entre 19 e 87 anos (média=49,5). RESULTADOS: Em 17 (58,6 por cento) dos doentes, observou-se nódulo único à ultra-sonografia, e 23 (79,3 por cento) tinham nódulos frios à cintilografia. Sintomatologia esteve presente em 33 pacientes (86,8 por cento). A punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF), realizada em 27 pacientes, revelou padrão folicular em 24 (88,9 por cento), carcinoma papilífero em 2 (7,4 por cento) e bócio em 1 (3,7 por cento). Tireoidectomia total foi o tratamento final em 34 pacientes e esvaziamento cervical foi realizado em três casos. Apenas 5 (13,1 por cento) obtiveram confirmação diagnóstica ao exame de congelação intra-operatória. Houve 2 (5,2 por cento) óbitos pela doença e 5 (13,1 por cento) pacientes apresentam-se vivos com doença. O aumento da tireoglobulina (TG) correlacionou-se com o aparecimento de metástase em 100 por cento dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: Concluímos que pacientes com carcinoma folicular de tireóide geralmente apresentam-se com nódulo único ou predominante ao primeiro exame, cuja PAAF é de padrão folicular. O exame de congelação raramente confirma o diagnóstico. Em nosso serviço, o tratamento de escolha é a tireoidectomia total, permitindo um seguimento mais adequado e confiável do paciente e prevenindo o crescimento de lesões subclínicas no lobo contralateral. A evolução geralmente é favorável.

BACKGROUND: Unlike papillary carcinoma, there are limited data regarding diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data on 38 patients submitted to thyroidectomy for exclusive follicular carcinoma over a 10 years period. Mean follow-up was 39 months (114 months the longest). Nine patients were males (23,7 percent) and 29 females (76,3 percent). Mean age was 49.5 (19 to 87 years). RESULTS: Thirty-three (86,8 percent) patients presented at least one symptom such as dyspnea, dysphagia or hoarseness. Seventeen (58,6 percent) patients had a solitary nodule shown by ultrasonography and 23 (79,3 percent) had "cold" nodules by scintigraphy. Twenty-seven patients underwent were submitted to fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA), which revealed a follicular neoplasm (benign or malignant) in 24 (88,9 percent) patients, goiter in 1(3,7 percent) and papillary carcinoma in 2 cases (7,4 percent). Total thyroidectomy was the final treatment in 34 patients and neck dissection operation was required in 3 cases. Only 13,1 percent of the patients were diagnosed as having follicular carcinoma by intraoperative frozen section. Two patients died from the tumor and 5 patients remain alive with the tumor all of them with distant metastasis. Elevation of serum levels of thyroglobulin correlated with metastasis in 100 percent of those cases. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that follicular thyroid carcinoma usually presents as a solitary nodule diagnosed as a follicular neoplasm by FNA biopsy. Intra-operatory frozen section rarely confirms the diagnosis. O treatment of choice for thyroid follicular cancer total thyroidectomy followed by complementary therapy (radioiodine therapy) if necessary. We advocate total thyroidectomy because it is assumited with a better follow-up and avoids growth of subclinical lesions on the opposite lobe. Outcome is good in the majority of cases.