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1.
Univ. psychol ; 15(1): 99-116, ene.-mar. 2016. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-963116

ABSTRACT

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo el diseño y validez de una escala para evaluar salud sexual y reproductiva. Participaron 919 estudiantes mujeres entre 11 a 19 años quienes respondieron el cuestionario, que evalúa actitudes y normas subjetivas, basado en planteamientos de la teoría de comportamiento planeado. Con el objetivo de comprobar la fiabilidad y validez del instrumento, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y un análisis de componentes principales con rotación VARIMAX. Esta investigación incluye dos estudios independientes, en el estudio 1 (prueba piloto) la versión del pilotaje inicialmente constaba de 172 ítems y disminuyó a 78 en la muestra final. Para el estudio 2, en la escala de actitud se reporta una media de 3.68 (D.E. = 1.21) y un a= 0.91. Se extrajeron dos factores agrupados en dos dimensiones que explican un 67.10%; en la escala de normas subjetivas se obtuvo media de 3.80 (D.E. = 1.10) y un a= 0.97. Los ítems se adecuan a la matriz factorial. Se extrajeron 11 factores de los cuales son interpretables 9 y se explican en un 75.89%. En conclusión, el instrumento confirma una confiabilidad adecuada y estabilidad estructural de gran utilidad para la comprensión e implementación de estrategias de acción en sexualidad reproductiva en mujeres adolescentes.


This article describes the design and validation of a scale for evaluating reproductive and sexual health. 919 young females from 11 to 19 years in five Caribbean- Colombian cities were administered the questionnaire that assesses attitudes and subjective norms about the reproductive sexuality, based on the planned behavior theory (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2000). The reliability and validity of the instrument was analyzed through exploratory factorial analysis with principal components and VARIMAX rotation. The methodology includes two independent studies; in study 1 (pilot test) the first questionnaire consisted of 172 items and decreased to 78 in the final sample. For study 2, the attitude scale reported (Mean = 3.68, ED = 1.21) and Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.91. Two factors were extracted and grouped into two dimensions that explain 67.10% of the variance. For the subjective norms scale (Mean = 3.8, ED = 1.1) Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.97 and eleven factors were extracted and grouped into nine dimensions, which explain 75.89% of the variance. The scale showed good reliability and structural stability for the analysis and design of programs for sexual and reproductive health in adolescent girls.

2.
Univ. psychol ; 14(3): 1055-1066, jul.-sep. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-780668

ABSTRACT

Association between indexes of socioeconomic status, satisfaction with income and status, and psychological well-being (PWB) was examined in a representative sample of Chileans. Results confirm a positive association between socioeconomic status and satisfaction with income and status and PWB. Associations were stronger with PWB facets related to relational, control and self-esteem processes, and weaker with purpose of life, growth and autonomy. Structural equation modeling confirmed a direct significant coefficient of socioeconomic status on PWB, as well as an indirect significant path through satisfaction with income and status. Control for satisfaction with socioeconomic status and purchase power reduced but did not eliminate the effect of socioeconomic status on PWB. Results are consistent with a direct effect model of socio-structural position on well-being, but also with the relevance of satisfaction with social position as an appraisal process to indicate high psychological well-being.


Se estudió la asociación entre nivel socioeconómico, satisfacción con los ingresos, estatus económico, y el bienestar psicológico, en una muestra representativa de chilenos. Los resultados confirman una asociación positiva entre el nivel socioeconómico, la satisfacción con el ingreso, estatus económico y el bienestar psicológico. Las asociaciones fueron más fuertes con las dimensiones de bienestar psicológico, relaciones con el entorno, y autoestima, y más débil con las dimensiones de propósito con vida, crecimiento personal y autonomía. Modelo de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron con indicadores de ajuste significativo la relación entre la situación socioeconómica y el bienestar psicológico, así como una trayectoria significativa indirecta a través de la satisfacción con los ingresos y el estatus económico. Al controlar el poder adquisitivo en su relación con satisfacción con el ingreso, redujo su efecto, pero no eliminó el efecto del nivel socioeconómico sobre el bienestar psicológico. Los resultados son consistentes con un modelo de efecto directo de la relación entre situación económica y bienestar. Se presenta la importancia de la satisfacción con el ingreso y el estatutos como predictores del bienestar psicológico.


Subject(s)
Psychology , Social Welfare
3.
Ter. psicol ; 33(2): 127-138, jul. 2015. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-757204

ABSTRACT

El optimismo ha mostrado numerosos beneficios físicos y emocionales en diversas poblaciones y contextos profesionales. Sin embargo, los instrumentos para evaluarlo son escasos y presentan importantes limitaciones, especialmente en población joven. En el presente trabajo se presenta un cuestionario que, mediante 9 ítems, evalúa el optimismo disposicional y se analiza su relación con la personalidad e inteligencia emocional. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 2.693 jóvenes españoles (M=16.52, DT=1.38), de los cuales el 51.10 por ciento fueron hombres. La inteligencia emocional se evaluó con el cuestionario Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24, mientras que los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad se midieron mediante la escala Overall Personality Assessment Scale. El cuestionario de optimismo muestra una fiabilidad elevada (alfa=.84), siendo preciso para un amplio rango de habilidad (zeta entre -3 y +2), así como un ajuste aceptable a una estructura unidimensional. Se confirma la elevada relación entre el optimismo y los rasgos de personalidad e inteligencia emocional.


Optimism has been shown to have numerous physical and emotional benefits in a range of populations and professional contexts. Nonetheless, there are few instruments for its evaluation and they have significant limitations, especially in young people. This work presents a questionnaire which, through 9 items, evaluates dispositional optimism and analyses its relationship to personality and emotional intelligence. The sample was made up of 2,963 Spanish adolescents of whom 51.10 percent were male. Emotional intelligence was measured using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24, while the big-five personality traits were measured using the Overall Personality Assessment Scale. The optimism questionnaire demonstrated high reliability (alpha=.84), it was accurate over a wide ability range (theta from -3 to +2) and gave an acceptable fit to a unidimensional structure. The clear relationship between optimism, personality traits and emotional intelligence was confirmed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Attitude , Surveys and Questionnaires , Emotional Intelligence , Personality , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Reproducibility of Results , Personal Satisfaction
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 142(10): 1275-1283, oct. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-731659

ABSTRACT

Background: The SF-12 is one of the most used questionnaires to evaluate the multidimensional health related quality of life, worldwide. However, the factor structure does not match the structure of the original instrument. Besides, most studies centered in the physical dimension paying less attention to mental health related quality of life. Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the SF-12 and to validate the mental health dimension of this questionnaire. Material and Methods: Two studies were conducted, the first consisting of 840 people aged between 18 and 60 years, who answered the SF-12. In the second study, 970 people aged between 18 and 60 years answered the SF-12 questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) was analyzed, along with construct and criterion validity for the mental health dimension. Results: The reliability estimate using Cronbach’s alpha in both studies was higher than 0.74 in both dimensions (physical and psychological). Construct validity analysis yielded a three factor complex solution. Finally the criterion validity analysis showed appropriate and significant correlations with depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The SF-12 and its mental health scale are suitable for epidemiological characterization studies.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Mental Health , Quality of Life/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results
5.
Univ. psychol ; 13(3): 1017-1026, jul.-set. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-745678

ABSTRACT

Las variables psicológicas y especialmente la variables positivas han mostrado múltiples beneficios para los seres humanos. Importante evidencia indica que los sujetos con mejor bienestar, altos niveles de felicidad y emociones positivas muestran mejores indicadores de salud. El optimismo es una variable positiva ampliamente estudiada y con gran evidencia sobre sus beneficios en la salud. Sin embargo, modelos explicativos acerca de cómo se producen estos beneficios han sido menos estudiados. Se ha propuesto evaluar un modelo que establece cómo el optimismo puede ser una variable causal de la salud, mediada por los afectos positivos y negativos. Se realizó un análisis de modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para probar un modelo explicativo. Participaron 995 personas con edades entre los 18 y 60 años. Se evaluó el optimismo disposicional, afecto positivo y negativo, así como salud mental y física. Los resultados muestran que el ajuste al modelo es adecuado, permitiendo considerar al optimismo como una variable explicativa de la salud tanto física y como mental, mediado por afecto positivo y negativo.


Psychological variables and especially the positive variables have shown multiple benefits for humans. Important evidence indicates that subjects with better well-being higher levels of happiness and positive emotions show better health indicators. Optimism is a positive variable widely studied and strong evidence of its benefits on the health of individuals. However, an explanatory model about how these benefits occur has been less studied. It has been proposed to evaluate a model that establishes optimism can be a causal variable health mediated the positive and negative affects. An analysis of structural equation modeling was conducted to test an explanatory model. Participants 995 people aged between 18 and 60 years old. Dispositional optimism, positive and negative affect as well as mental and physical health was assessed. Structural model analysis was conducted to test an explanatory model. The results show that the model is suitable adjustment to consider allowing optimism as an explanatory variable of both physical and mental health mediated by positive and negative affect.


Subject(s)
Social Welfare , Mental Health , Optimism
6.
Univ. psychol ; 13(1): 47-60, ene.-mar. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-726959

ABSTRACT

Este artículo presenta la construcción y comprobación de la confiabilidad de un instrumento para evaluar las actitudes y normas subjetivas en el comportamiento sexual y reproductivo en varones en dos estudios. La escala fue administrada a 965 estudiantes varones escolarizados, entre 11 a 19 años de edad, en la región Caribe colombiana. En el Estudio 1 (pilotaje) el cuestionario constituido por 150 ítems se redujo a 78 en la prueba final. En la escala de actitud protección (Media = 4.1 y DE = 1.07) se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.93 y en la de actitud abstinencia/retardo (Media = 3.6 y DE = 1.26), un alfa de 0.88 y homogeneidad elevada con correlación ítem-total superiores a 0.6. Para la escala de creencias categorizada como normas subjetivas (Media = 3.79 y DE = 1.08) la estimación del alfa de Cronbach fue de 0.98 y homogeneidad adecuada con correlaciones superiores a 0.66. La evaluación de la validez de constructo mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis de componentes principales con rotación VARIMAX, denota adecuación satisfactoria de los datos a la matriz factorial en el Estudio 2 (escala definitiva). En conclusión el instrumento es confiable, de estructura estable para la medición de actitudes y normas subjetivas en sexualidad reproductiva y contribuirá a establecer acciones específicas en programas, acorde a las expectativas en salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes varones.


This paper presents the construction and testing of the reliability of an instrument to assess attitudes and subjective norms sexual and reproductive behavior of young males. The scale was administered to 965 male students (From of 11 to 19 years) enrolled at school in the Colombian Caribbean region. This work includes two independent studies, in the Study 1 (pilot) the questionnaire consisted of 150 items and it was reduced to 78. In the protective attitude scale (Mean = 4.1 and SD = 1.07) was obtained Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 and for the abstinence / delay attitude (Mean = 3.6 and SD = 1.26) an alpha of 0.88 with high homogeneity. The total correlation item was greater than 0.6 for all the attitude scales. On the scale of beliefs represented by the subjective norms (Mean = 3.79 and SD = 1.08) the estimation of Cronbach's alpha was 0.98 with correlations above 0.66. In Study 2 (final stop), the construct validity assessment using factorial analysis and principal components analysis with VARIMAX rotation reported a satisfactory fit of the data to the array factor. In conclusion, the instrument has a reliable and stable structure for the measurement of attitudes and subjective norms for sexuality and reproductive health, and it is useful to help in the setting of programs.


Subject(s)
Psychological Tests , Psychometrics , Sexuality
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 141(2): 160-166, feb. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-675056

ABSTRACT

Background: Sexual behavior usually begins in adolescence, and is mediated by biological, personality and socio-cultural variables which can affect the expression of preventive and risky sexual performance, as well as sex and age differences. Aim: To determine sex differences in the age of sexual initiation, the use ofprotective methods and mate selectivity in young men and women, as well as preventive practices according to age, and the prevalence of partner aggression. Subjects and Methods: Participants were 484 university students from public and private institutions, aged 22 ± 3 years (59% women) assessed using a diversity of self-report measures of personality traits, romantic relationship quality, sexual role, attachment type, socio-sexual openness, and self-esteem; they also answered questions regarding sexual behavior, and violence. Results: Differences in age of sexual initiation, risky sexual behavior, and socio-sexual openness were observed between men and women. Aggression prevalence in romantic relationships also varied according to sex and age. Similarities and differences in patterns of behavior and personality variables were observed in relationship quality, sexual role, kindness, and responsibility in males and females. Conclusions: The findings present consistencies with the international evidence and differences that may be due to context specificities, providing also an empirical referent to consider in health planning.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Attitude , Personality , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Students/statistics & numerical data , Violence , Chile , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sex Factors , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Universities
8.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 26(1): 106-112, 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-671512

ABSTRACT

La escala de bienestar psicológico surge a partir del modelo multidimensional propuesto por Ryff (1989). Pese a su amplia utilización, su estructura teórica inicial no ha sido confirmada completamente, debido a que se han encontrado otro tipo de soluciones factoriales distintas a las 6 dimensiones propuestas por la autora. Estas divergencias podrían estar relacionadas al tipo de muestras y poblaciones utilizadas. Ante esto, la siguiente investigación compara el ajuste factorial de los modelos tradicionalmente aplicados de corrección en distintos grupos en edad adulta. Se describen las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación al español realizada por Díaz et al. (2006), analizando los niveles de confiabilidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal) y estructura factorial confirmatoria, en datos de 1646 personas entre 18 y 90 años de edad. Se encuentran diferencias en los indicadores de confiabilidad para la escala total y las dimensiones, así como en los indicadores de bondad de ajuste dependiendo del grupo de edad. El modelo que presenta mejores indicadores de ajuste en la mayoría de los rangos etarios evaluados fue el de seis factores de primer orden.


The scale of psychological well-being arises from the multidimensional model proposed by Ryff (1989). Despite its wide use, its initial theoretical structure has not been completely confirmed because other factorial solutions which are different from those 6 dimensions proposed by the author have been found. These differences may be related to the type of sample and population used. Given this fact, the current study compares the adjustment factor of correction models traditionally used in different groups of adults. We describe the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation done by Díaz et al. (2006) and analyze the levels of reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and confirmatory factorial structure with data from 1,646 people aged from 18 to 90 years old. Differences are found in the indicators of reliability for the total scale and its dimensions as well as in the indicators of goodness of fit depending on the age group. The model that presents the best indicators of adjustment for most age ranges evaluated was the one of six first-order factors.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Health , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Age Factors
9.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 44(2): 155-163, mayo-ago. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-669268

ABSTRACT

The relationship between happiness and socio-demographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational level) was examinated, this with a Latin American sample and its association with Subjective wellbeing given the controversial empirical evidence of their relationship. We surveyed a total of 520 people (300 women and 220 men) between the ages of 18 and 29 with an average of 21.26 years and a standard deviation of 2.47 to answer the subjective happiness scale. The happiness variable was categorized, and the subjects were reorganized in happy and non-happy groups. From the use of main component analysis and logistic regressions, the main results show that variables which best characterize the happiness levels are age and socioeconomic status. Specifically, the results indicate that higher age within the sample, predicts lower levels of happiness. On the other side, at a higher socioeconomic level, people are happier. In addition, there are no differences between genders.


Se evaluó la relación entre felicidad y variables socio-demográficas (edad, sexo, estatus socioeconómico, nivel educativo) y su asociación con bienestar subjetivo en una muestra latinoamericana encontrando evidencia empírica controversial de su relación. Se encuestó un total de 520 persona (300 mujeres y 220 hombres) con edades entre los 18 y 29 años, con una media de 21.26 años, y una desviación estándar de 2.47 quienes respondieron la escala de felicidad subjetiva. La variable felicidad fue categorizada, y los participantes fueron clasificados en dos grupos: felices y no felices. Se analizaron los datos con un Análisis de Componentes Principales y Regresiones Logísticas, los principales resultados muestran que las variables que mejor caracterizan los niveles de felicidad son la edad y estatus socioeconómico. Puntualmente, los resultados indican que una mayor edad predice bajos niveles de felicidad. Por otra parte, a un mayor estatus socioeconómico mayor felicidad reportada. No se encontraron diferencias entre los géneros de los participantes.

10.
Ter. psicol ; 29(1): 127-133, jul. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-592127

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Felicidad Subjetiva (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). El objetivo del primer estudio, en que participaron 300 personas de población general, fue estimar confiabilidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal) y validez de constructo de la escala. El segundo estudio, donde participaron 779 personas, tuvo por objetivo obtener indicadores definitivos de confiabilidad y validez en muestras con rangos etarios diversos. Además, evaluó validez convergente y divergente con los instrumentos: Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI), Cuestionario de los Cinco Grandes (BFI), y Cuestionario de Optimismo Disposicional (LOT-R). Los principales resultados del primer estudio muestran un alfa de .78 y estabilidad temporal de .61 (8 semanas de diferencias) y una estructura factorialmente pura. Para el segundo estudio la estimación de la confiabilidad estuvo entre .73 y .87 en las diversas muestra estudiadas; se encontró una estructura factorialmente pura; las correlaciones entre la escala de felicidad subjetiva y los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar validez convergente y divergente fueron adecuadas y altamente significativas en la línea de lo esperado teóricamente. La evidencia indica adecuación de la escala para su utilización en la evaluación de este constructo en población chilena.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the subjective happiness scale (Ly-ubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). The objective of the first study involving 300 people from the general population was the estimated reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and construct validity of the scale. The second study involved 779 people, its purpose was to obtain definitive indicators of reliability and validity in samples with diverse age range. In addition, convergent and divergent validity was evaluated with instruments: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Big Five Questionnaire (BFI), and Dispositional Optimism Questionnaire (LOT-R). The main results of study showed an alpha of .78 and temporal stability of 61 (8 weeks apart) and a pure factorial structure. For the second study, the reliability estimation was between .73 and .87 according to the many samples studied, was found a pure factorial structure, the correlations between subjective happiness scale and instruments used to assess convergent and divergent validity were adequate, highly significant and in line with theoretical expectations. The evidence indicates adequacy of the scale for use in the assessment of this construct in the Chilean population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Happiness , Personality Inventory , Chile , Psychometrics , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results
11.
Univ. psychol ; 8(1): 61-67, ene-abr. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-571904

ABSTRACT

El optimismo disposicional ha sido investigado ampliamente en diferentes culturas, mostrando su utilidad como variable relacionada y predictora de importantes variables psicológicas y estados de salud. El presente estudio reporta las propiedades psicométricas preliminares del Life Orientation Test (LOT- R), en una muestra de 309 jóvenes universitarios con edades entre los 18 y 25 años, pertenecientes a la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. La estimación de la consistencia interna fue de 0.65. Del análisis factorial exploratorio surge una estructura bifactorial, alusiva a optimismo y pesimismo, que explica un 55.55% de la varianza. No se encuentra diferencia de medias entre hombres y mujeres. En términos generales la evidencia muestra la adecuación del LOT-R para su utilización en Chile.


The dispositional optimism has been researched widely in different cultures,proving its utility as a related variable and as a predictor of importantpsychological variables and states of health. The following study reports thepreliminary psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT- R), in a sample of 309 young university students with ages between 18 and 25years, from Santiago of Chile. The estimation of the internal consistencywas of 0,65. From the exploratory factorial analysis a two factors structureemerges, of optimism and pessimism, which explain a 55.55% of the variance.There are not significant sex differences between men and women. In general terms, evidence support the adequacy of the test for its use in Chile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Psychological Tests , Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data
12.
Ter. psicol ; 25(2): 155-162, dic. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-512429

ABSTRACT

El estudio reporta los análisis preliminares y datos normativos, para una muestra de población general del Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado Rasgo (Spielberger, Gorsuch & Lushene, 1970). Los datos fueron obtenidos de una muestra total de 1488 personas entre 13 y 60 años de edad. La consistencia interna obtenida fue .92, para STAI-S y .87 para STAI-R. Del análisis factorial confirmatorio se obtienen dos factores para cada escala. Finalmente, se realizan análisis de comparación de medias para la obtención de datos normativos, para la muestra total diferenciada por sexo y para la muestra de adolescentes y adultos.


The present study reports the preliminary analyses and normative data of the State-Trate anxiety inventory (Spielberger, Gorusch & Lushene, 1970), for a Chilean, general population sample. Data were obtained from a total sample of 1488 people, between 13 and 60 years old. A high internal consistency for STAI-S .92 and for STAI-T .87 is reported. Two factors were obtained from the confirmatory factorial analysis. Finally, analyses of the means were carried out, obtaining normative data for the total sample, differentiated by sex, and for the adolescents and adults sample.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Anxiety/diagnosis , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Personality Inventory/standards , Anxiety/psychology , Chile , Age and Sex Distribution , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards , Psychometrics
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