Macrófagos e inducción de arginasa como mecanismo de evasión de parásitos / Macrophages and arginase induction as a mechanism for parasite escape

Aunque existen varios mecanismos inmunológicos para eliminar a los patógenos intracelulares, éstos han elaborado una variedad de estrategias para escapar de la respuesta del sistema inmune y asegurarse su supervivencia y replicación en el huésped. Algunos parásitos modulan la producción de numerosas moléculas tóxicas sintetizadas por el sistema inmune. Varios parásitos son altamente sensibles al óxido nítrico (ON) y sus derivados. El ON es producido en macrófagos (MΦ) luego de la estimulación con productos microbianos o con citoquinas. En el pasado, los MΦ se identificaban como células puramente inflamatorias (MΦ activados en forma clásica), capaces de secretar mediadores inflamatorios, actuar como células presentadoras de antígenos y matar patógenos intracelulares. Sin embargo, los MΦ activados representan un grupo más heterogéneo de células con distintos marcadores biológicos que pueden llevar a cabo diferentes funciones inmunológicas. Los MΦ activados alternativamente, fallan en producir ON en virtud de la inducción de la enzima arginasa y consecuentemente tienen disminuida su capacidad para matar patógenos intracelulares. Se ha comunicado la inducción de arginasa por parte de varios parásitos, por lo tanto este mecanismo podría favorecer su supervivencia en el huésped. En un modelo de infección con Trypanosoma cruzi, en nuestro grupo estudiamos la participación de arginasa y de las señales intracelulares involucradas en su inducción, durante la replicación de este parásito en los MΦ. La información obtenida a partir de nuestros trabajos permitiría comprender algunos mecanismos por los cuales distintas células del sistema inmune pueden ser programadas para favorecer el establecimiento de infecciones parasitarias crónicas.

Although there are several immunological mechanisms to eliminate the intracellular pathogens, they have elaborated a variety of strategies to escape of the immune response and to make possible their survival and replication in the host. Some parasites modulate the production of several toxic molecules synthesized by the immune system. Several parasites are highly sensitive to nitric oxide (ON) and their derivatives. ON is produced in macrophages (MΦ) after stimulation with microbial products or cytokines. In the past, M Φ were defined as inflammatory cells (classically activated MΦ), able to produce inflammatory mediators, to act like antigens presenting cells and to kill intracellular pathogens. Nevertheless, activated MΦ involve a more heterogeneous group of cells with different biological markers that can carry out different immunological functions. Alternatively activated MΦ fail to produce ON due to the arginase induction and consequently they have diminished their capacity to kill intracellular pathogens. It has been reported the induction of arginase by different parasites; therefore this mechanism could favor their survival in the host. In our group, we studied the participation of arginase in a model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and the intracellular signals involved in the replication of this parasite in MΦ. The data obtained from our works would allow the understanding of some mechanisms by which cells can be programmed to favor the establishment of chronic parasitic infections.

Immune response in mice immunized with acidic antigenic fractions from Trypanosoma cruzi cytosol

The humoral and cellular immune responses as well as the resistance to infection with bloodstream forms of T. cruzi were studied in mice immunized with acidic antigenic fractions from parasite cytosol, F III and F IV, plus Bordetella pertussis as adjuvant. The immunization with F III induced positive ITH and DTH responses to homologous antigens. In mice immunized with F IV, the ITH was negative and four out of six animals presented positive DTH reactions. In both groups of mice the analysis of IgG against T. cruzi showed that the major isotype elicited was IgG1. Specific IgE was also detected in sera from F III immunized mice, thus confirming the presence of homocytotropic antibodies. The parasitemias reached by F III and F IV immunized mice after challenge were lower than those of the controls showing in this way a partial protection against the acute infection. The histological studies of heart and skeletal muscle performed two months after the infection revealed variable mononuclear infiltration in all infected mice despite immunization