Factors associated with non-treatment of hypertension and gender differences at baseline in the ELSA-Brasil cohort

The treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) contributes to the reduction of morbidity and mortality. Gender differences are likely to play a role, as non-treatment is associated with clinical and sociodemographic aspects. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with non-treatment of AH and gender differences in hypertensive individuals from the ELSA-Brasil cohort. The study was conducted with 5,743 baseline hypertensive cohort participants. AH was considered if there was a previous diagnosis or if systolic blood pressure (SBP) was ≥140 and/or diastolic BP (DBP) was ≥90 mmHg. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data, lifestyle, comorbidities, and use of antihypertensive medications were evaluated through interviews and in-person measurements. Treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) or other antihypertensive medications and non-treatment were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression. Non-treatment was observed in 32.8% of hypertensive individuals. Of the 67.7% treated individuals, 41.1% received RAASi. Non-treatment was associated with alcohol consumption in women (OR=1.41; 95%CI: 1.15-1.73; P=0.001), lowest schooling level in men (OR=1.70; 95%CI: 1.32-2.19; P<0.001), and younger age groups in men and women (strongest association in males aged 35-44 years: OR=4.58, 95%CI: 3.17-6.6, P<0.001). Among those using RAASi, a higher proportion of white, older individuals, and with more comorbidities was observed. The high percentage of non-treatment, even in this civil servant population, indicated the need to improve the treatment cascade for AH. Public health policies should consider giving special attention to gender roles in groups at higher risk of non-treatment to reduce inequities related to AH in Brazil.

Analysis of the Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of the Fractions Obtained From the Ethyl Acetate Partition of the Leaves of Diplopterys Pubipetala

Aims: The objective of this work was to analyze the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of the fractions of ethyl acetate from the leaves of D. pubipetala. Methodology: Liquid-liquid partitioning was performed, the ethyl acetate partition was eluted in classical liquid chromatography, followed by thin layer chromatography. Antioxidant activity was performed by the DPPH photochlorimetric method and the levels of interleukin (IL?6), tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF??), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and nitric oxide (NO) were identified in supernatants of cell cultures. Results: Fractions F4, F5 and F10 showed antioxidant activity. The F10 fraction indicated efficient anti-inflammatory activity by the production of IL-10 and nitric oxides. Fractions F4, F5 and F9 stimulated the production of IL-6 and TNF-?. Conclusion: These results indicate a possible synergistic action of the extract and the partition of ethyl acetate, since after fractionation the potential presented in previous studies was lower.

α, ß-Amyrin prevents steatosis and insulin resistance in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD via the AMPK-mTORC1-SREBP1 signaling mechanism

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatosteatosis and steatohepatitis, is intrinsically related to obesity. Our previous study reported on the anti-obese activity of α,β-amyrin (AMY), a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Protium heptaphyllum. This study investigated its ability to prevent fatty liver and the underlying mechanism using the mouse model of NAFLD. NAFLD was induced in male Swiss mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. The controls were fed a normal chow diet (ND). The mice were simultaneously treated with AMY at 10 and 20 mg/kg or fenofibrate at 50 mg/kg. Lipid levels along with metabolic and inflammatory parameters were assessed in liver and serum. The liver sections were histologically examined using H&E staining. RT-qPCR and western blotting assays were performed to analyze signaling mechanisms. Mice fed HFD developed severe hepatic steatosis with elevated triglycerides and lipid droplets compared with ND controls. This was associated with a decrease in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, an increase of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, and enhanced sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) expression, which have roles in lipogenesis, inhibition of lipolysis, and inflammatory response. AMY treatment reversed these signaling activities and decreased the severity of hepatic steatosis and inflammatory response, evidenced by serum and liver parameters as well as histological findings. AMY-induced reduction in hepatic steatosis seemed to involve AMPK-mTORC1-SREBP1 signaling pathways, which supported its beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Lactate-upregulation of lactate oxidation complex-related genes is blunted in left ventricle of myocardial infarcted rats

Lactate modulates the expression of lactate oxidation complex (LOC)-related genes and cardiac blood flow under physiological conditions, but its modulatory role remains to be elucidated regarding pathological cardiac stress. The present study evaluated the effect of lactate on LOC-related genes expression and hemodynamics of hearts submitted to myocardial infarction (MI). Four weeks after MI or sham operation, isolated hearts of male Wistar rats were perfused for 60 min with Na+-lactate (20 mM). As expected, MI reduced cardiac contractility and relaxation with no changes in perfusion. The impaired cardiac hemodynamics were associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (Sham: 19.3±0.5 vs MI: 23.8±0.3 µM), NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity (Sham: 42.2±1.3 vs MI: 60.5±1.5 nmol·h−1·mg−1) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (mct1) mRNA levels (Sham: 1.0±0.06 vs MI: 1.7±0.2 a.u.), but no changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, NADH oxidase (NADox), and xanthine oxidase activities. Lactate perfusion in MI hearts had no additional effect on ROS levels, NADox, and NOX activity, however, it partially reduced mct1 mRNA expression (MI-Lactate 1.3±0.08 a.u.). Interestingly, lactate significantly decreased SOD (MI-Lactate: 54.5±4.2 µmol·mg−1·min−1) and catalase (MI: 1.1±0.1 nmol·mg−1·min−1) activities in MI. Collectively, our data suggest that under pathological stress, lactate lacks its ability to modulate the expression of cardiac LOC-related genes and the perfused pressure in hearts submitted to chronic MI. Together, these data contribute to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure induced by MI.

Efeito do ambiente ruminal sobre a degradabilidade de colmos da cana-de-açúcar / Effect of the rumen environment on sugarcane stems degradability

Avaliou-se o efeito do ambiente ruminal sobre a degradação da FDN de 12 cultivares de cana. As dietas continham: 87,1% de cana (Cana) ou 42,0% de cana e 58,0% de concentrado com milho (Milho) ou polpa cítrica (Polpa). Seis vacas com cânula ruminal formaram quadrados latinos 3x3. Por 11 dias de cada período experimental, o consumo de matéria seca foi fixado em 1,2% do peso vivo. No dia 12, baixo pH ruminal foi induzido no Milho e na Polpa por infusão intrarruminal de milho ou polpa cítrica. Simultaneamente, ureia foi adicionada ao rúmen em todos os tratamentos. Sacos de náilon contendo os cultivares foram incubados por 24h nos dias 11 e 12. O pH ruminal no dia 11 foi 7,01 e NH3 foi 3,4, 4,4 e 6,2mg/dL para Cana, Milho e Polpa, respectivamente. O pH no dia 12 foi 6,98 para Cana, 6,49 para Milho e 6,04 para Polpa, e NH3 foi 13,0mg/dL. Para Cana, a degradabilidade ruminal da FDN foi 21% no dia 11 e 28% no dia 12; para Milho e Polpa esta foi ao redor de 21% em ambos os dias. O ordenamento dos cultivares por degradabilidade ruminal da FDN foi similar nos ambientes ruminais distintos.(AU)

The effect of the rumen environment on NDF degradability of 12 sugarcane cultivars was evaluated. Diets contained: 87.1% of sugarcane (Cane) or 42.0% of sugarcane and 58.0% of concentrates with corn (Corn) or citrus pulp (Citrus). Six rumen cannulated cows formed 3x3 Latin Squares. For 11 days of each experimental period, the intake of dry matter was fixed at 1.2% of body weight. On day 12, low ruminal pH was induced on Corn and Citrus by pulse dosing corn or citrus pulp into the rumen. Simultaneously, urea was added to the rumen in all treatments. Nylon bags containing the cultivars were incubated for 24 h on the 11th and 12th days. Rumen pH on day 11 was 7.01 and NH3 was 3.4, 4.4 and 6.2 mg/dl for Cane, Corn and Citrus, respectively. Ruminal pH on day 12 was 6.98 for Cane, 6.49 for Corn and 6.04 for Citrus and NH3 was 13.0 mg/dl. For Cane, ruminal NDF degradability was 21% on day 11 and 28% on day 12, for Corn and Citrus it was around 21% in both days. The ranking of cultivars based on ruminal NDF degradability was similar in distinct rumen environments.(AU)

Variáveis agronômicas e químicas e degradabilidade ruminal da cana-de-açúcar / Agronomic and chemical variables and sugarcane ruminal degradability

Objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade do valor nutritivo entre cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, estimar a correlação entre digestibilidade e produtividade da planta e definir características químicas e agronômicas mais correlacionadas ao valor nutritivo. Vinte cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foram cultivados em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em Campos, RJ, Brasil. As plantas foram colhidas com Brix superior a 18 por cento, a partir de 370 dias do corte da segunda soca. Características agronômicas e químicas e as degradabilidades ruminais in situ da FDN e da MS foram avaliadas. A produtividade foi 21,2±5,7t de MS/ha, e a degradabilidade ruminal da MS (DEG MS) foi 57,1±2,6 por cento do incubado (média±DP). A degradabilidade ruminal da FDN foi 19,8±2,42 por cento do incubado. Nenhuma variável avaliada foi correlacionada à degradabilidade da FDN (P>0,10). Obter cultivares que conciliam alta produtividade com alta DEG MS é viável, pois a correlação tanto fenotípica quanto genética entre esses caracteres foi pequena. A h2 para a DEG MS foi superior a 85 por cento. Variáveis indiretamente correlacionadas à DEG MS tiveram menor h2 que o desta variável. Canas com baixo conteúdo de fibra, com colmos curtos e com alta relação entre colmos e folhas, foram mais digestíveis...

The objective was to evaluate the variability of nutritive value among sugarcane cultivars, to estimate the correlation between plant digestibility and productivity, and to define agronomical and chemical traits most correlated with nutritive value. Twenty sugarcane cultivars were cultivated in a completely randomized block design with four replicates in Campos, RJ, Brazil. Plants were harvested when the Brix was superior to 18 percent, starting at 370 days after the second ratoon cut. Agronomical and chemical traits and the ruminal NDF and DM in situ degradability were evaluated. Productivity was 21.2±5.7t of DM/ha and ruminal DM degradability (DM DEG) was 57.1±2.6 percent of incubated (mean±SD). Ruminal NDF degradability was 19.8±2.42 percent of incubated, and none of the variables evaluated were correlated to the NDF degradability (P>0.10). Obtaining cultivars that conciliate high productivity to high digestibility is feasible, since the phenotypic and the genetic correlation between these traits were low. The estimated h2 for the DM DEG was superior to 85 percent. Variables indirectly correlated to the digestibility had smaller h2 than the one for this variable. Sugarcane with low fiber content, short stalk length and high stalk to leaves ratio were more digestible...

Memory mood congruency phenomenon in bipolar I disorder and major depression disorder patients

The objective of the present study was to evaluate memory performance in tasks with and without affective content (to confirm the mood congruency phenomenon) in acutely admitted patients with bipolar I disorder (BD) and major depression disorder (MDD) and in healthy participants. Seventy-eight participants (24 BD, 29 MDD, and 25 healthy controls) were evaluated. Three word lists were used as the memory task with affective content (positive, negative and indifferent). Psychiatric symptoms were also evaluated with rating scales (Young Mania Rating Scale for mania and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for depression). Patients were selected during the first week of hospitalization. BD patients showed higher scores in the word span with positive tone than MDD patients and healthy controls (P = 0.002). No other difference was observed for tests with affective tone. MDD patients presented significantly lower scores in the Mini-Mental State Exam, logical memory test, visual recognition span, and digit span, while BD patients presented lower scores in the visual recognition test and digit span. Mood congruency effect was found for word span with positive tone among BD patients but no similar effect was observed among MDD patients for negative items. MDD patients presented more memory impairment than BD patients, but BD patients also showed memory impairment.

Antinociceptive effect on mice of the hydroalcoholic fraction and (-) epicatechin obtained from Combretum leprosum Mart & Eich

Previous studies on Combretum leprosum, a tree growing in the Northeastern states of Brazil, have shown antinociceptive effects of the ethanol extract of its leaves and bark, but studies examining its constituents are rare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of the hydroalcoholic fraction (HF) of one of its constituents, the flavonoid (-) epicatechin (EPI), administered orally to mice (20-30 g) in models of chemical nociception, and the possible mechanisms involved. Different doses of HF (62.5 to 500 mg/kg) and EPI (12.5 to 50 mg/kg) were evaluated in models of abdominal writhing, glutamate, capsaicin, and formalin in animals pretreated with different antagonists: naloxone, ondansetron, yohimbine, ketanserin, pindolol, atropine, and caffeine in the abdominal writhing test. To determine the role of nitric oxide, the animals were pretreated with L-arginine (600 mg/kg, ip) in the glutamate test. The HF was effective (P < 0.05) in all protocols at different doses and EPI was effective in the abdominal writhing, capsaicin and glutamate tests (P < 0.05) at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. However, in the formalin test it was only effective in the second phase at a dose of 25 mg/kg. The antinociceptive effect of HF was inhibited when HF was associated with yohimbine (0.15 mg/kg), ketanserine (0.03 mg/kg), and L-arginine (600 mg/kg), but not with the other antagonists. HF and EPI were effective in models of chemical nociception, with the suggested participation of the adrenergic, serotonergic and nitrergic systems in the antinociceptive effect of HF.

Resposta de vacas leiteiras à substituição total de milho por polpa cítrica e à suplementação com microminerais orgânicos II: desempenho e economia / Response of lactating cows to the total replacement of corn by citrus pulp and to the supplementation of organic trace minerals II: performance and savings

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e a eficiência financeira de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas com substituição total de milho por polpa cítrica. O teor dietético do milho foi 10 por cento e o de polpa 24 por cento nos tratamentos com milho, e o de polpa foi 33 por cento nas dietas exclusivas com polpa. A substituição total das fontes inorgânicas Cu, Mn, Se, Zn e Cr por fontes orgânicas foi avaliada simultaneamente. As quatro dietas geradas por arranjo fatorial dos dois fatores foram fornecidas a 16 vacas em Quadrado Latino 4x4. As produções de leite foram 27,5kg para vacas alimentadas com polpa e 28,4kg para aquelas que receberam milho (P=0,04). A substituição total de milho por polpa cítrica reduziu o teor e a produção de proteína no leite (P<0,03), e não afetou a secreção de gordura (P>0,24). Dietas formuladas exclusivamente com polpa cítrica podem ser indicadas quando o pagamento do leite for baseado apenas no volume. A inclusão de milho pode aumentar a renda bruta subtraída do custo alimentar quando a produção de sólidos for valorizada.

The performance and financial efficiency of dairy cows fed diets formulated by total replacement of corn by citrus pulp was evaluated. Treatments with corn contained 10 percent corn and 24 percent citrus pulp while citrus diets contained 33 percent citrus pulp. The complete replacement of inorganic sources of Cu, Mn, Se, Zn, and Cr by organic sources was simultaneously evaluated. The four diets generated by the factorial arrangement of the two factors were fed to 16 cows in 4x4 Latin Squares. Means of milk production were 27.5kg and 28.4kg for cows fed citrus pulp and corn (P=0.04) diets, respectively. The complete replacement of corn by citrus pulp decreased milk protein production and content (P<0.03) and had no effect on milk fat (P>0.24). Diets formulated exclusively with citrus pulp may be recommended when milk payment is based exclusively on volume, but the inclusion of corn may increase income over feed cost when milk solids are valued.

Resposta de vacas leiteiras à substituição total de milho por polpa cítrica e à suplementação com microminerais orgânicos I: consumo e digestão / Response of lactating cows to the total replacement of corn by citrus pulp and to the supplementation of organic trace minerals I: intake and digestion

Avaliou-se a resposta de vacas leiteiras à substituição total de milho maduro finamente moído por polpa cítrica peletizada. O teor dietético do milho foi 10 por cento e o de polpa 24 por cento nos tratamentos com milho, e o de polpa foi 33 por cento nas dietas exclusivas com polpa. Simultaneamente, foi avaliada a substituição total de fontes inorgânicas de Cu, Mn, Se, Zn e Cr por fontes orgânicas. Quatro dietas baseadas em silagem de milho foram geradas por arranjo fatorial dos dois fatores. Dezesseis vacas receberam os tratamentos em quadrado latino 4x4. O efeito da substituição de fontes inorgânicas por fontes orgânicas de microminerais não foi conclusivo. O consumo diário de matéria seca foi 19,4kg na polpa e 20,5kg na dieta com milho (P=0,03). O consumo de matéria orgânica digestível foi maior nas dietas com milho (P<0,01). Houve tendência de queda na taxa fracional de degradação ruminal in situ da MS da silagem de milho (P=0,11) e de aumento no tamanho da fração indigestível (P=0,15) nas dietas com milho, sugerindo que a degradação de forragens não determinou o menor consumo nas dietas com polpa. A substituição total de milho por polpa cítrica pode reduzir o consumo e a digestibilidade.

The response of lactating cows to the total replacement of finely ground mature corn by pelleted citrus pulp was evaluated. Treatments with corn contained 10 percent corn and 24 percent citrus pulp while citrus diets contained 33 percent citrus pulp. The complete replacement of inorganic sources of Cu, Mn, Se, Zn, and Cr by organic sources was simultaneously evaluated. Four corn silage based diets were generated by a factorial arrangement of the two factors. Sixteen cows received the treatments in 4x4 latin squares. The effect of substituting inorganic by organic mineral sources was not conclusive. Daily dry matter intake was 19.4kg for citrus diets and 20.5kg with corn (P=0.03). The digestible organic matter intake was increased by corn supplementation (P<0.01). There was a trend for a decreased fractional rate of in situ ruminal degradation of corn silage dry matter (P=0.11) and for increased size of the indigestible fraction (P=0.15) in diets with corn, suggesting that degradation of forages did not determine the lower intake for citrus diets. The total substitution of corn by citrus pulp may decrease intake and digestibility.

Alterações morfológicas induzidas por butirato, propionato e lactato sobre a mucosa ruminal e epiderme de bezerros: II. Aspectos ultra-estruturais / Lactate, propionate, and butyrate induced morphological alterations on calf ruminal mucosa and epidermis: II. Ultra-structurals aspects

Avaliou-se o efeito de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) sobre a integridade do epitélio no rúmen, no plano nasolabial, na epicera e no perioplum traseiro e dianteiro de bezerros e validou-se a feitura de biópsias tegumentares como indicadores de alterações morfológicas da mucosa ruminal. Dezessete bezerros, com sonda no rúmen, receberam infusões intra-ruminais de AGV ou salina, durante 37 dias. Aos 89 dias de vida, após o abate, foram colhidas amostras dos tecidos. Os AGV aumentaram a área de epitélio total e a área de células metabolicamente ativas no epitélio ruminal, embora o butirato não tenha induzido ao desenvolvimento papilar. A área de epitélio não queratinizado no plano nasolabial foi reduzida pela infusão de AGV. Butirato e lactato foram mais indutores de alterações patológicas no epitélio ruminal. Não foram observadas lesões histológicas nos epitélios do plano nasolabial, da epicera e do perioplum, mostrando que essas são conseqüências do efeito direto dos AGV sobre o epitélio ruminal. Os efeitos indireto e direto dos AGV sobre a morfologia dos tecidos epiteliais queratinizados não foram iguais. Biópsias tegumentares podem ter utilidade como indicadores de alterações morfológicas da mucosa ruminal.

The effect of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on rumen wall, epidermis of nasolabial surface, perioplum, and epicera of calves was evaluated. The experiment also aimed to validate the procedure of tegument biopsies as indicators of ruminal mucosa alterations. Seventeen neonatal calves with foley catheters received intraruminal infusions of VFA or saline, during 37 days. At 89-day-old, the animals were slaughtered and tissue samples were collected from rumen, nasolabial surface, epicera, and perioplum from face and hindquarters. VFA infusion increased total epithelium area and metabolically active ruminal cell area; although butirate did not induce the papilar development. The effect of nasolabial surface VFA infusion was the opposite to that observed in the rumen. No histological lesion was observed on nasolabial surface, epicera, and perioplum, demonstrating that these are consequences of VFA direct effect on ruminal epithelium. Butyrate and lactate induced more alterations on the ruminal epithelium. Indirect and direct VFA effects on keratinized epithelium tissues morphology were not identical. Tegumentary biopsies may be useful as indicators of morphological alterations of ruminal mucosa.

Alterações morfológicas induzidas por butirato, propionato e lactato sobre a mucosa ruminal e a epiderme de bezerros: I Aspectos histológicos / Lactate, propionate and, butyrate induced morphological alterations on calf ruminal mucosa and epidermis: I Histologycals aspects

Dezessete bezerros foram utilizados para avaliar o efeito de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) sobre a morfologia ruminal, a epiderme do plano nasolabial, a epicera e o perioplum, e para validar a execução de biópsias tegumentares como indicadores de alterações da mucosa ruminal. Os animais receberam infusões intra-ruminal de butirato, propionato, lactato ou salina (controle) durante 37 dias. A insulina sorológica foi dosada no 22º dia experimental nos tempos de 0, 90, 180 e 360 minutos em relação à infusão diária da manhã. No 89º dia de vida, após o abate, foram coletados fragmentos ruminais e epidérmicos. Todos os AGV induziram aumento proporcionalmente maior no peso do ruminorretículo que no peso do omaso, sendo o butirato aparentemente mais estimulador da massa do estômago aglandular. Embora o butirato tenha sido mais estimulador da secreção de insulina, os AGV foram incapazes de induzir ganho nas dimensões papilares. Os AGV aumentaram a proliferação celular nos epitélios do rúmen e do perioplum traseiro, contrariamente ao efeito sobre o plano nasolabial e a epicera. Os efeitos dos AGV sobre a morfologia da mucosa ruminal e de outros tecidos queratinizados sugerem que danos morfológicos no rúmen e cascos podem ter causa comum. Biópsias tegumentares podem ter utilidade como indicadores de alterações morfológicas da mucosa ruminal.

The effect of butyrate, propionate, and lactate on ruminal wall, epidermis of nasolabial surface, perioplum, and epicera of 17 neonatal calves was evaluated. The experiment also aimed to validate the procedure and interpretation of tegument biopsies as indicators of ruminal mucosa alterations. Serum insulin was sampled on the 22nd day from the beginning of treatments, at 0, 90, 180, and 360 minutes after the morning infusion. After slaughtering, samples were collected from ruminal wall, nasolabial surface, epicera, and perioplum from face and hindquarters. All volatile fatty acids (VFA) induced greater increase in ruminal-reticulum proportionate weight than in omasum. Butyrate was a greater stimulator of non-glandular stomach growth. Although butyrate stimulated more insulin secretion, this VFA was not capable to induced gain on papillae area or height. The effect of nasolabial surface VFA infusion was the opposite to that observed in the rumen. VFA increased hind perioplum mitotic index, contrary to its effect on the nasolabial surface and epicera. VFA effects on ruminal mucosa morphology and on other keratinized tissues suggest that morphological damage on hoof and ruminal epithelium may have a common cause. Tegumentary biopsies may be useful as indicators of morphological alterations of ruminal mucosa.

Evaluation of behavioral states among morning and evening active healthy individuals

The Horne-Östberg questionnaire partly covers some factors that may be important determinants of peak time and characterize patterns of behavior. We conducted a study for the evaluation of self-reported behavioral states (hunger sensation, availability for study, physical exercise, solving daily problems, and time preferences) as expressions of underlying cyclic activity. Three hundred and eighteen community subjects without history of medical, psychiatric, or sleep disorders were evaluated in a cross-sectional design. A self-report about daily highest level of activity was used to categorize individuals into morning, evening, and indifferently active. Time-related behavioral states were evaluated with 23 visual analog questions. The responses to most analogic questions were significantly different between morning and evening active subjects. Logistic regression analysis identified a group of behaviors more strongly associated with the self-reported activity pattern (common wake up time, highest subjective fatigue, as well as wake up, bedtime, exercise and study preferences). These findings suggested that the patterns of activity presented by normal adults were related to specific common behavioral characteristics that may contribute to peak time

Stimulatory effect of dexamethasone on angiotensin-converting enzyme in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in cardiac remodeling associated with pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction. The existence of different cell types in the heart expressing components of the renin-angiotensin system makes it difficult to evaluate their relative role under physiological and pathological conditions. Since myocytes are the predominant cellular constituent of the heart by mass, in the present study we studied the effects of glucocorticoids on ACE activity using well-defined cultures of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Under steady-state conditions, ACE activity was present at very low levels, but after dexamethasone treatment ACE activity increased significantly (100 nmol/l after 24 h) in a time-dependent fashion. These results demonstrate the influence of dexamethasone on ACE activity in rat cardiac myocytes. This is consistent with the idea that ACE activation occurs under stress conditions, such as myocardial infarction, in which glucocorticoid levels may increase approximately 50-fold.

Diagnosing dementia and normal aging: clinical relevance of brain ratios and cognitive performance in a Brazilian sample

The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value (clinical application) of brain measures and cognitive function. Alzheimer and multiinfarct patients (N = 30) and normal subjects over the age of 50 (N = 40) were submitted to a medical, neurological and cognitive investigation. The cognitive tests applied were Mini-Mental, word span, digit span, logical memory, spatial recognition span, Boston naming test, praxis, and calculation tests. The brain ratios calculated were the ventricle-brain, bifrontal, bicaudate, third ventricle, and suprasellar cistern measures. These data were obtained from a brain computer tomography scan, and the cutoff values from receiver operating characteristic curves. We analyzed the diagnostic parameters provided by these ratios and compared them to those obtained by cognitive evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity of cognitive tests were higher than brain measures, although dementia patients presented higher ratios, showing poorer cognitive performances than normal individuals. Normal controls over the age of 70 presented higher measures than younger groups, but similar cognitive performance. We found diffuse losses of tissue from the central nervous system related to distribution of cerebrospinal fluid in dementia patients. The likelihood of case identification by functional impairment was higher than when changes of the structure of the central nervous system were used. Cognitive evaluation still seems to be the best method to screen individuals from the community, especially for developing countries, where the cost of brain imaging precludes its use for screening and initial assessment of dementia

La relación de Helicobacter pylori con la displasia y el cáncer gástrico en Costa Rica / The association between Helicobacter pylori with displasia and gastric cancer in Costa Rica

Se comparó la incidencia de la bacteria Helicobacter pylori en un lugar de baja incidencia de cáncer gástrico, Poás (15.13 por ciento) y otro de incidencia muy alta, Puriscal (83.53 por ciento). Se eligió a 185 adultos de cada cantón, similares en edad y sexo y se practicó un estudio serológico para buscar anticuerpos IgG para H. pylori, y una gastroscopía para tomar dos biopsias por caso. Los resultados no apoyan la existencia de una fuerte relación entre H. pylori y cáncer gástrico

Quantification of the population and phagocytary activity of hemocytes of resistant and susceptible strains of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila infected with Schistosoma mansoni

Entre os fatores determinantes na resistencia e suscetibilidade da Biomphalaria ao Schistosoma mansoni, os hemocitos desempenharam importante papel. Com o objetivo de estudar as interacoes S. mansoni/Biomphalaria relativas aos hemocitos o primeiro passo e certamente relacionado a padronizacao desta populacao de celulas em Biomphalaria nao infectada. Desta forma a quantificacao desta populacao de celulas na hemolinfa bem como sua capacidade fagocitaria foi determinada pela primeira vez. Alem disso, usando cepas de B. glabrata e B. tenagophila suscetiveis e resistentes, o hemocitograma e a capacidade fagocitaria dos hemocitos, apos infeccao com S. mansoni, foram tambem determinados. Cepas de B. glabrata (BA e BH respectivamente) resistentes e suscetiveis bem como cepas de B. tenagophila (TAIM e CF respectivamente) foram infectadas com 10 miracidios das cepas LE e SJ de S. mansoni, respectivamente. Estes caramujos infectados e respectivos controles nao infectados foram avaliados em relacao ao numero de hemocitos circulantes e alteracao da capacidade fagocitaria, usando Zimozan e MTT...

Miocardite como manifestação inicial da síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida / Myocarditis as the first manifestation of the acquired imunodeficiency syndrome

O envolvimento cardíaco ocorre em 25 'por cento' a 50 'por cento' dos pacientes com S.I.D.A., quando analisados por ecocardiografia, biópsia miocárdica ou necrópsia. As manifestaçöes clínicas afetam 10 'por cento' dos pacientes, sendo a insuficiência cardíaca a mais frequente. Descrevemos a evolução de um paciente que tinha teste positivo para H.I.V. e miocardite como a primeira manifestação clínica da doença - a miocardite estava associada com arritmias complexas e bloqueio atrioventricular, havendo necessidade de implante de um marcapasso definitivo.

Ultrastructural and biochemical detection of biotin and biotinylated polypeptides in Schistosoma mansoni

Biotinylation is proposed for the identification of surface proteins in Schistosoma mansoni using the streptavidin-HRP conjugate for the detection of labeled polypeptides. However, control samples also showed several endogenous biotinylated polypeptides. In an attempt to determine the possibility of monspecific binding between the streptavidin-HRP conjugate and polypeptides from S. mansoni, the conjugate was blocked with biotinamidecaproate-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (BcapNHS) before biotin-streptavidin blotting. No bands were detected on the nitrocellulose sheet, demonstrating the especific recognition of biotin by the streptavidin present in the conjugate. Whole cercariae and cercarial bodies and tails showed several endogenous biotinylated polypeptides. The biotin concentration was 13 mug/190,000 cercariae. Adult worms presented less endogenous biotinylated polypeptides than cercariae. These results may be due to changes in the environment from aerobic to anaerobic conditions when cercarial bodies (schistosomula) are transformed into adult worms and a decrease in CO2 production may occur. Cercariae, cercarial bodies and adult male worms were examined by transmission electron microscopy employing an avidin-colloidal gold conjugate for the detection of endogenous biotin. Gold particles were distributed mainly on the muscle fibers, but dispersed granules were observed in the tegument, mitochondria and cytosol. The discovery of endogenous biotin in S. mansoni should be investigate in order to clarify the function of this vitamin in the parasite.

Interactions of ANP and ANG II in tubular nephron acidification

In order to examine the effects and the interaction of angiotensin II (ANG II, 1 pM) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, 1 muM) on the kinetics of bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat middle proximal tubule, we performed in vivo experiments using a stopped-flow microperfusion technique with the determination of lumen pH by Sb microelectrodes. These studies confirmed that ANG II added to the luminal or peritubular capillary perfusion fluid stimulates proximal bicarbonate reabsorption and showed that ANP alone does not affect this process, but impairs the stimulation caused by ANG II. We also studied the effects and the interation of these hormones in cortical distal nephron acidification. Bicarbonate reabsorption was evaluated by the acidification kinetic technique in early (ED) and late (LD) distal tubules in rats during in vivo stopped-flow microperfusion experiments. the intratubular pH was measured with a double-barreled microelectrode with H+ -sensitive resin. The results indicate that ANG II acted by stimulating Na+/H+ exchange in ED (81 per cent) and LD (54 per cent)segments via activation of AT1 receptors, as well as vacuolar H+ -ATPase in LD segments (33 per cent). ANP did not affect bicarbonate reabsorption in either segment and, as opposed to what was seen in the proximal tubule, did not impair the stimulation caused by ANG II. To investigate the mechanism of faction of these hormones in more detail, we studied cell pH dependence on ANG II and ANP in MDCK cells using the fluroescent probe BCECF. We showed that the velocity of cell pH recovery was almost abolished in the absence of Na+, indicating that it is dependent on Na+/H+ exchange. ANP (1 muM) alone had no effect on this recovery but reversed both the acceleration of H+ extrusion at low ANG II levels (1 pM and 1 nM), and inhibition of H+ extrusion at higher ANG II levels (100 nM). To obtain more information on the mechanism of interation of these hormones, we also studied their effects on the regulation of intracellular free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, monitored with the fluorescent probe Fura-2 in MDCK cells in suspension. The data indicate that the addition of increasing concentrations of ANG II (1 pM to 1 muM) to the cell suspension led to a progressive increase in [Ca2+]i to 2-3 times the basal level.In contrast, the addition of ANP (1 muM) to the cell suspension led to a very rapid 60 per cent decrease in [Ca2+]i and reduced the increase elicited by ANG II, thus modulating the effect of ANG II on [Ca2+]i. These results may indicate a role of [Ca2+)i in the regulation of the H+ extrusion process mediated by Na+/H+ exchange and stimulated/impaired by ANG II. The data are compatible with stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange by increases of [Ca2+]i in the lower range, and inhibition at high [Ca2+]i levels.