ABSTRACT
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not only posed serious medical challenges but also significant psychological, social, and economic challenges acutely as well as in the long-term. There is evidence that this pandemic has caused intense psychological distress among people which is further likely to get compounded by administrative decision of nationwide lockdown. Aim: To determine the psychosocial impact of lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Haryana, India. Method: It was an online cross-sectional study conducted on the general population of Haryana from 15th April to 5th May 2020 using a snowball sampling technique. A pre-tested, self-designed questionnaire comprising three sections, viz. sociodemographic characteristics, general life during lockdown, and psychological impact, was prepared using google forms and the link was sent to the participants through social media. Results: A total of 640 participants responded to the survey within the stipulated time. The most common depressive symptoms were insomnia (56%) followed by hopelessness (45%) and irritability (36%). Hypochondriacal preoccupation and obsessional ruminations were present in 87% and 23% of the respondents respectively. Twenty seven per cent of the people experienced autonomic symptoms of anxiety. Fear of death due to COVID (68.4%) and excessive COVID-related information being circulated through news and social media (26.2%) generated maximum stress. They coped with this stress by engaging themselves with television (TV)/social media (57%) and physical exercises (48.4%). Social life followed by professional life was the most affected facet of life. Lockdown had adversely affected the family bond in one per cent of the participants. Conclusion: The study concludes that lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic had an adverse psychosocial impact on the general population of Haryana resulting in a magnitude of psychological issues.
ABSTRACT
Ten protein and enzyme polymorphic systems, viz. haemoglobin, albumin, transferrin, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase phosphoglucomutase, esterase-D, glyoxalase, alkaline phosphatase and amylase were studied in numigall (guinea fowl x chicken hybrids) to assess structural gene expression and regulatory gene divergence between the parental species. The investigation revealed presence of both the maternal and paternal electrophoretic components in case of adenosine deaminase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, albumin and transferrin although no clear differences could be identified for haemoglobin and glyoxalase. Esterase-D and adenylate kinase phenotypes showed a dominance of the chicken type.